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99% 2N 99.9% 3N     99.99% 4N   99.999% 5N     99.9999% 6N 

Quantum Dots
 AE Quantum Dots ™

32.4 (A)/00.022


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Safety, research, uses and properties for AE Quantum DotsT are discussed below.  American Elements is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in producing quantum dots from several semiconductor materials, including Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS), Lead Selenide (PbSe) and Zinc Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (ZnCdSe/ZnS) nanoparticles with well-defined peak emission frequencies between approximately 470 to 730 nm wavelengths.

What are quantum dots? Quantum dots are nanoparticles of certain semiconductor crystals with the novel property of having an extremely narrow emission spectrum (Gaussian Distribution) that is directly proportional to the particle's size. The smaller the particle the more its emission is blue shifted and conversely the larger the particle size, the more its emission is red shifted, thus allowing for the emission of the complete light spectra of color from the same material. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture.

How do quantum dots work? When Quantum Dots (essentially nanocrystals of certain semiconductors) are excited the wavelength of light emitted is controlled by the relationship between the size of the nanocrystal and the level of confinement of the electrons within the particle. Thus, Quantum Dots have the unique ability to emit light representing the entire rainbow of colors from the same elemental material based solely on the size of the particles of that material being excited. The smaller the particle, the more the inter band gap is blue shifted. By narrowly controlling the particles distribution (PSD) of the quantum dot crystals to within 10 nanometers, discreet colors can be emitted with wave lengths representing the entire visible spectra. Prior to quantum dots, light emitting semiconductors, such as light emitting diodes (LED), could not emit white light. With the development of quantum dots with particle size distributions less than 500 nanometers (nm), LED emissions in the blue range can be achieved which may allow for the commercial use of solid state semiconductors to generate luminescent light.

What are the current and future uses and applications for quantum dots? The most exciting potential use forquantum dots, but still in its infancy in terms of development, is the potential to turn light emitting diodes (LED) from merely display devises to illumination devices creating the first solid state lighting sources. The resulting revolution could be compared to Thomas Edison's original invention of the light bulb; the technology which LED lighting would certainly render obsolete. The life of a solid state lighting source would be hundreds of times longer the current incandescent bulb.  The level of efficiency and therefore the energy required to generate light would be substantially less. Additionally, the world would be a very different looking place given the ability to illuminate from any two dimensional surface. Further in the future researchers are theorizing the potential to create Paint-On Lighting. Other unique uses for Quantum Dots include numerous bio-sensor and medical tracing applications where the high luminescence and stability make them potentially superior to isotopes. In solar energy, Lead Selenide Quantum Dots can generate a substantially wider band gap then any other photovoltaic semiconductor. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture. Quantum Dots are also being explored for use in future quantum computing.

Safety. All AE Quantum DotT products are delivered with a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) describing the safety guidelines and handling recommendations established for that material.

What are the properties and specifications for AE Quantum Dots? American Elements manufactures the following forms of Quantum Dots:

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Quantum Dots - CdTe Quantum Dots have the widest wavelength range reaching sizes as small as less then 500 nm; within the range sufficient to emit light in the blue-white range. Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots are charged aqueous soluble particles with narrow emission spectra from 490 nm to 740 nm.

Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dots - CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots are core-shell structured inorganic nanocrystals where an inner core of Cadmium Selenide is encapsulated in an outer core of wider band gap Zinc Selenide. Wavelengths range from 520 to 620 nm.

Lead Selenide (PbSe) Quantum Dots - PbSe Quantum Dots have found application in photovoltaic semiconductors for solar energy applications because of their extremely wide band gap.

Zinc Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (ZnCdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dots - ZnCdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots are smallest available average particle size (D50 > 440 nm) enabling them to emit the bluest to white light and therefore making them the best demonstrated candidate for solid state luminescent devises.



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Recent Research & Development for Quantum Dots

  • Biological interactions of quantum dot nanoparticles in skin and in human epidermal keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008 Jan 3; [Epub ahead of print]

  • [Photoluminescence investigation of InAs bimodal self-assembled quantum dots state filling] Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2007 Nov;27(11):2178-81. Chinese.

  • Fluorescent II-VI Semiconductor Quantum Dots in Living Cells: Nonlinear Microspectroscopy in an Optical Tweezers System. J Phys Chem B. 2008 Feb 8; [Epub ahead of print]

  • One-Step Controllable Synthesis for High-Quality Ultrafine Metal Oxide Semiconductor Nanocrystals via a Separated Two-Phase Hydrolysis Reaction. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Feb 7; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Monodisperse Oligo(phenylene vinylene) Ligands on CdSe Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Polarization Anisotropy Measurements. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Feb 2; [Epub ahead of print]

  • The Growth of Co:ZnO/ZnO Core/Shell Colloidal Quantum Dots: Changes in Nanocrystal Size, Concentration and Dopant Coordination. Chemphyschem. 2008 Feb 5; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Imaging Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression In vivo: Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Characterization of a Bioconjugated Quantum Dot Nanoprobe. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Feb 1;14(3):731-41.

  • Bioconjugated Gold Nanodots and Nanoparticles for Protein Assays Based on Photoluminescence Quenching. Anal Chem. 2008 Feb 1; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Quantum Dot Ex Vivo Labeling of Neuromuscular Synapses. Nano Lett. 2008 Feb 1; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Electrically driven reverse overhauser pumping of nuclear spins in quantum dots. Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Dec 14;99(24):246602. Epub 2007 Dec 13.

  • Theory of fast optical spin rotation in a quantum dot based on geometric phases and trapped states. Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Nov 23;99(21):217401. Epub 2007 Nov 19.

  • Comment on "Zero-field Kondo Splitting and Quantum-Critical Transition in Double Quantum Dots". Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Nov 16;99(20):209701; discussion 209702. Epub 2007 Nov 14. No abstract available.

  • Frequency-selective single-photon detection using a double quantum dot. Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Nov 16;99(20):206804. Epub 2007 Nov 14.

  • Noise enhancement due to quantum coherence in coupled quantum dots. Phys Rev Lett. 2007 Nov 16;99(20):206602. Epub 2007 Nov 16.

  • Effects of Fermi Liquid Interactions on the Shot Noise of an SU(N) Kondo Quantum Dot. Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Jan 25;100(3):036603. Epub 2008 Jan 24.

  • Emission Characterization of a Single CdSe-ZnS Nanocrystal with High Temporal and Spectral Resolution by Photon-Correlation Fourier Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Jan 18;100(2):027403. Epub 2008 Jan 18.

  • Effects of Interactions in Transport through Aharonov-Bohm-Casher Interferometers. Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Jan 11;100(1):016803. Epub 2008 Jan 11.

  • CE characterization of semiconductor nanocrystals encapsulated with amorphous silicium dioxide. Electrophoresis. 2008 Feb;29(3):576-89.

  • In vivo imaging using quantum dot-conjugated probes. Curr Protoc Cell Biol. 2007 Sep;Chapter 25:Unit 25.1.

  • Ultrasensitive detection and molecular imaging with magnetic nanoparticles. Analyst. 2008 Feb;133(2):154-60. Epub 2007 Sep 10.


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