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99% 2N 99.9% 3N     99.99% 4N   99.999% 5N     99.9999% 6N 

Quantum Dots
 AE Quantum Dots™

32.4 (A)/00.022


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Safety, research, uses and properties for AE Quantum Dots™ are discussed below.  American Elements is a manufacturer and supplier specializing in producing quantum dots from several semiconductor materials, including Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS), Lead Selenide (PbSe) and Zinc Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (ZnCdSe/ZnS) nanoparticles with well-defined peak emission frequencies between approximately 470 to 730 nm wavelengths.

What are quantum dots? Quantum dots are nanoparticles of certain semiconductor crystals with the novel property of having an extremely narrow emission spectrum (Gaussian Distribution) that is directly proportional to the particle's size. The smaller the particle the more its emission is blue shifted and conversely the larger the particle size, the more its emission is red shifted, thus allowing for the emission of the complete light spectra of color from the same material. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture.

How do quantum dots work? When Quantum Dots (essentially nanocrystals of certain semiconductors) are excited the wavelength of light emitted is controlled by the relationship between the size of the nanocrystal and the level of confinement of the electrons within the particle. Thus, Quantum Dots have the unique ability to emit light representing the entire rainbow of colors from the same elemental material based solely on the size of the particles of that material being excited. The smaller the particle, the more the inter band gap is blue shifted. By narrowly controlling the particles distribution (PSD) of the quantum dot crystals to within 10 nanometers, discreet colors can be emitted with wave lengths representing the entire visible spectra. Prior to quantum dots, light emitting semiconductors, such as light emitting diodes (LED), could not emit white light. With the development of quantum dots with particle size distributions less than 500 nanometers (nm), LED emissions in the blue range can be achieved which may allow for the commercial use of solid state semiconductors to generate luminescent light.

What are the current and future uses and applications for quantum dots? The most exciting potential use forquantum dots, but still in its infancy in terms of development, is the potential to turn light emitting diodes (LED) from merely display devises to illumination devices creating the first solid state lighting sources. The resulting revolution could be compared to Thomas Edison's original invention of the light bulb; the technology which LED lighting would certainly render obsolete. The life of a solid state lighting source would be hundreds of times longer the current incandescent bulb.  The level of efficiency and therefore the energy required to generate light would be substantially less. Additionally, the world would be a very different looking place given the ability to illuminate from any two dimensional surface. Further in the future researchers are theorizing the potential to create Paint-On Lighting. Other unique uses for Quantum Dots include numerous bio-sensor and medical tracing applications where the high luminescence and stability make them potentially superior to isotopes. In solar energy, Lead Selenide Quantum Dots can generate a substantially wider band gap then any other photovoltaic semiconductor. Thin film deposition of Silicon Nanoparticle quantum dots on the polycrystalline silicon substrate of a photovoltaic (solar) cell increases voltage output as much as 60% by fluorescing the incoming light prior to capture. Quantum Dots are also being explored for use in future quantum computing.

Safety. All AE Quantum DotT products are delivered with a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) describing the safety guidelines and handling recommendations established for that material.

What are the properties and specifications for AE Quantum Dots? American Elements manufactures the following forms of Quantum Dots:

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Quantum Dots - CdTe Quantum Dots have the widest wavelength range reaching sizes as small as less then 500 nm; within the range sufficient to emit light in the blue-white range. Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots are charged aqueous soluble particles with narrow emission spectra from 490 nm to 740 nm.

Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (CdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dots - CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots are core-shell structured inorganic nanocrystals where an inner core of Cadmium Selenide is encapsulated in an outer core of wider band gap Zinc Selenide. Wavelengths range from 520 to 620 nm.

Lead Selenide (PbSe) Quantum Dots - PbSe Quantum Dots have found application in photovoltaic semiconductors for solar energy applications because of their extremely wide band gap.

Zinc Cadmium Selenide/Zinc Sulfide (ZnCdSe/ZnS) Quantum Dots - ZnCdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots are smallest available average particle size (D50 > 440 nm) enabling them to emit the bluest to white light and therefore making them the best demonstrated candidate for solid state luminescent devises.



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Recent Research & Development for Quantum Dots

  • A high sensitive and specific QDs FRET bioprobe for MNase.Huang S, Xiao Q, He ZK, Liu Y, Tinnefeld P, Su XR, Peng XN.Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 Dec 7;(45):5990-2. Epub 2008 Oct 14.PMID: 19030562 [PubMed - in process]

  • Enzyme catalyzed site-specific protein labeling and cell imaging with quantum dots.Sunbul M, Yen M, Zou Y, Yin J.Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 Dec 7;(45):5927-9. Epub 2008 Oct 8.PMID: 19030541 [PubMed - in process]

  • Large ordered arrays of single photon sources based on II-VI semiconductor colloidal quantum dot.Zhang Q, Dang C, Urabe H, Wang J, Sun S, Nurmikko A.Opt Express. 2008 Nov 24;16(24):19592-9.PMID: 19030046 [PubMed - in process]

  • Lasing from InGaP quantum dots in a spin-coated flexible microcavity.Menon VM, Luberto M, Valappil NV, Chatterjee S.Opt Express. 2008 Nov 24;16(24):19535-40.PMID: 19030039 [PubMed - in process]

  • Electric field enhanced photoluminescence of CdTe quantum dots encapsulated in poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) nano-spheres.Garner BW, Cai T, Hu Z, Neogi A.Opt Express. 2008 Nov 24;16(24):19410-8.PMID: 19030028 [PubMed - in process]

  • The modification of quantum dot probes used for the targeted imaging of his-tagged fusion proteins.Bae PK, Kim KN, Lee SJ, Chang HJ, Lee CK, Park JK.Biomaterials. 2008 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 19027151 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Integration of semiconductor quantum dots into nano-bio-chip systems for enumeration of CD4+ T cell counts at the point-of-need.Jokerst JV, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, Simmons GW, McDevitt JT.Lab Chip. 2008 Dec;8(12):2079-90. Epub 2008 Nov 5.PMID: 19023471 [PubMed - in process]

  • Giant Stark effect in quantum dots at liquid/liquid interfaces: A new option for tunable optical filters.Flatté ME, Kornyshev AA, Urbakh M.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 19017787 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Comparison of three cell fixation methods for high content analysis assays utilizing quantum dots.Williams Y, Byrne S, Bashir M, Davies A, Whelan A, Gun'ko Y, Kelleher D, Volkov Y.J Microsc. 2008 Oct;232(1):91-8.PMID: 19017205 [PubMed - in process]

  • Aqueous Layer-by-Layer Epitaxy of Type-II CdTe/CdSe Quantum Dots with Near-Infrared Fluorescence for Bioimaging Applications.Zhang Y, Li Y, Yan XP.Small. 2008 Nov 17. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 19016250 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Semiconductor nanoparticles as energy mediators for photosensitizer-enhanced radiotherapy.Yang W, Read PW, Mi J, Baisden JM, Reardon KA, Larner JM, Helmke BP, Sheng K.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Nov 1;72(3):633-5.PMID: 19014777 [PubMed - in process]

  • Investigation of some critical parameters of buffer conditions for the development of quantum dots-based optical sensors.Yuan J, Guo W, Wang E.Anal Chim Acta. 2008 Dec 23;630(2):174-80. Epub 2008 Oct 14.PMID: 19012829 [PubMed - in process]Related Articles 13: Quantitative single-molecule imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy.Vukojevic V, Heidkamp M, Ming Y, Johansson B, Terenius L, Rigler R.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Nov 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 19011092 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Gd(3+)-functionalized near-infrared quantum dots for in vivo dual modal (fluorescence/magnetic resonance) imaging.Jin T, Yoshioka Y, Fujii F, Komai Y, Seki J, Seiyama A.Chem Commun (Camb). 2008 Nov 30;(44):5764-6. Epub 2008 Oct 6.PMID: 19009074 [PubMed - in process]

  • [Preparing of semiconductor quantum dots-Smad2 monoclonal antibody fluorescent probes and testing of its related properties]Yang K, Sun DP, Chen R.Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2008 Oct;26(5):541-5. Chinese. PMID: 19007081 [PubMed - in process]

  • Correlated Electron Tunneling through Two Separate Quantum Dot Systems with Strong Capacitive Interdot Coupling.Hübel A, Held K, Weis J, V Klitzing K.Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Oct 31;101(18):186804. Epub 2008 Oct 30.PMID: 18999849 [PubMed - in process]

  • Spin States of holes in ge/si nanowire quantum dots.Roddaro S, Fuhrer A, Brusheim P, Fasth C, Xu HQ, Samuelson L, Xiang J, Lieber CM.Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Oct 31;101(18):186802. Epub 2008 Oct 27.PMID: 18999847 [PubMed - in process]

  • Highly reduced fine-structure splitting in InAs/InP quantum dots offering an efficient on-demand entangled 1.55-microm photon emitter.He L, Gong M, Li CF, Guo GC, Zunger A.Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Oct 10;101(15):157405. Epub 2008 Oct 9.PMID: 18999641 [PubMed - in process]

  • All-optical manipulation of electron spins in carbon-nanotube quantum dots.Galland C, Imamoglu A.Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Oct 10;101(15):157404. Epub 2008 Oct 8.PMID: 18999640 [PubMed - in process]

  • Local nanofluidic light sources in silicon photonic crystal microcavities.Vignolini S, Riboli F, Intonti F, Belotti M, Gurioli M, Chen Y, Colocci M, Andreani LC, Wiersma DS.Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2008 Oct;78(4 Pt 2):045603. Epub 2008 Oct 30.PMID: 18999486 [PubMed - in process]Related Articles


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