| Silver Silicon is one of numerous metal alloys sold by American Elements under the tradename AE Alloys™. Generally immediately available in most volumes, AE Alloys™ are available as bar, Ingot, ribbon, wire, shot, sheet, and foil. Ultra high purity and high purity forms also include metal powder, submicron powder and nanoscale, targets for thin film deposition, and pellets for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) applications.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Primary applications include bearing assembly, ballast, casting, step soldering, and radiation shielding.
Silver is a Block D, Group 11, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Silver's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr]4d10 5s1. In its elemental form silver's CAS number is 7440-22-4. The silver atom has a radius of 144.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 144.pm. Silver is not toxic although most silver salts are poisonous. Silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. Silver nitrate has wide application in painting, xerography, chemical electroplating, in components for electric batteries and in medicine as catalyst. Silver chloride is another important compound, due to its ductility and malleability. The organic compounds of the element are used in the coating of several metals and in dynamite or other explosive bars. Metallic silver is used as a catalyst of several oxidation reactions such as those of ethanol and other alcohols. Silver is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Silver was first discovered by Early Man.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below.
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Recent Research & Development for Silver
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Capsules with Silver Nanoparticle Enrichment Subdomains and Their Antimicrobial Properties.Wang A, Cui Y, Yang Y, Li J.Chem Asian J. 2010 Jun 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20583037 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Silver triflate-catalyzed three-component reaction of 2-alkynylbenzaldehyde, sulfonohydrazide, and alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound.Ye S, Yang X, Wu J.Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20582380 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Effect of different placement techniques on marginal microleakage of deep class-II cavities restored with two composite resin formulations.M R, Sajjan GS, B N K, Mittal N.J Conserv Dent. 2010 Jan;13(1):9-15.
PMID: 20582213 [PubMed - in process]
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Pericardial effusion post-SCT in pediatric recipients with signs and/or symptoms of cardiac disease.Neier M, Jin Z, Kleinman C, Baldinger L, Bhatia M, Silver E, van de Ven C, Morris E, Satwani P, George D, Garvin J, Bradley MB, Schwartz J, Cairo MS.Bone Marrow Transplant. 2010 Jun 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20581882 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Marginal leakage of two newer glass-ionomer-based sealant materials assessed using micro-CT.Chen X, Cuijpers V, Fan M, Frencken JE.J Dent. 2010 May 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20580767 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Apatite-forming ability of titanium compound nanotube thin films formed on a titanium metal plate in a simulated body fluid.Yada M, Inoue Y, Akihito G, Noda I, Torikai T, Watari T, Hotokebuchi T.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010 May 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20580538 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Synthesis of Ag/ZnO nanorods array with enhanced photocatalytic performance.Ren C, Yang B, Wu M, Xu J, Fu Z, Lv Y, Guo T, Zhao Y, Zhu C.J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jun 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20580489 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Enhancement of the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles using beta-cyclodextrin as a capping agent.Jaiswal S, Duffy B, Jaiswal AK, Stobie N, McHale P.Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20580208 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss recurs at similar gestational ages.Heuser C, Dalton J, Macpherson C, Branch DW, Porter TF, Silver RM.Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20579956 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Comparative toxicity study of Ag, Au, and Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles on Daphnia magna.Li T, Albee B, Alemayehu M, Diaz R, Ingham L, Kamal S, Rodriguez M, Whaley Bishnoi S.Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Jun 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20577719 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Rapid determination of adenosine deaminase kinetics using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry.Xu Y, Venton BJ.Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20577678 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Impaired Cerebrovascular Reactivity With Steal Phenomenon Is Associated With Increased Diffusion in White Matter of Patients With Moyamoya Disease.Conklin J, Fierstra J, Crawley AP, Han JS, Poublanc J, Mandell DM, Silver FL, Tymianski M, Fisher JA, Mikulis DJ.Stroke. 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20576954 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Antibacterial properties of tualang honey and its effect in burn wound management: a comparative study.Mohd Nasir NA, Halim AS, Banga Singh KK, Dorai AA, Muhammad Haneef MN.BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010 Jun 24;10(1):31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20576085 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free Article
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In Situ Identification of Intermediates of Benzyl Chloride Reduction at a Silver Electrode by SERS Coupled with DFT Calculations.Wang A, Huang YF, Sur UK, Wu DY, Ren B, Rondinini S, Amatore C, Tian ZQ.J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Jun 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20575538 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Pharmaceutical policies in European countries.Barros PP.Adv Health Econ Health Serv Res. 2010;22:3-27.
PMID: 20575226 [PubMed - in process]
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Pharmacokinetics of 2 Dapivirine Vaginal Microbicide Gels and Their Safety Vs. Hydroxyethyl Cellulose-Based Universal Placebo Gel.Nel AM, Smythe SC, Habibi S, Kaptur PE, Romano JW.J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Jun 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20574411 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Corrosion properties of Ag-Au-Cu-Pd system alloys containing indium.Hattori M, Tokizaki T, Matsumoto M, Oda Y.Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2010;51(1):7-13.
PMID: 20574129 [PubMed - in process]Free Article
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Silver-Russell syndrome: genetic basis and molecular genetic testing.Eggermann T, Begemann M, Binder G, Spengler S.Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2010 Jun 23;5(1):19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20573229 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free Article
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Sample size for post-marketing safety studies based on historical controls.Wu YT, Makuch RW.Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010 Jun 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20572025 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Keeping divalent ions in their proper place.Bushinsky DA, Silver J.Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2010 Jul;19(4):333-4. No abstract available.
PMID: 20571399 [PubMed - in process]
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Recent Research & Development for Silicon
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Desymmetrization of 7-dimethylphenylsilylcycloheptatriene. Towards the synthesis of new aminocycloheptitols.
Girard E, Desvergnes V, Tarnus C, Landais Y.
Org Biomol Chem. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941452 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Enzyme-functionalized polymer brush films on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors with tunable biocatalytic activity.
Costantini F, Benetti EM, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J, Vancso GJ, Verboom W.
Lab Chip. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Wavelength-tunable excited-state absorption and optical limiting effects in the Q band region based on silicon phthalocyanine oligomers.
Ishii K, Sakai N.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941425 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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Role of near-field enhancement in plasmonic laser nanoablation using gold nanorods on a silicon substrate.
Harrison RK, Ben-Yakar A.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22556-71. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022556.PMID: 20941153 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Ultrafast all-optical modulator with femtojoule absorbed switching energy in silicon-on-insulator.
Schönenberger S, Stöferle T, Moll N, Mahrt RF, Dahlem MS, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Mollenhauer T, Kurz H, Offrein BJ.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22485-96. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022485.PMID: 20941147 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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The observation of super-long range surface plasmon polaritons modes and its application as sensory devices.
Zhang XL, Song JF, Lo GQ, Kwong DL.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22462-70. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022462.PMID: 20941145 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Silicon photonic temperature sensor?employing a ring resonator manufactured?using a standard CMOS process.
Kim GD, Lee HS, Park CH, Lee SS, Lim BT, Bae HK, Lee WG.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22215-21. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022215.PMID: 20941123 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Highly efficient nonlinearity reduction in silicon-on-insulator waveguides using vertical slots.
Yue Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Beausoleil RG, Willner AE.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22061-6. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022061.PMID: 20941107 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Quantitative evaluation of boron-induced disorder in multilayers containing silicon nanocrystals in an oxide matrix designed for photovoltaic applications.
Zatryb G, Podhorodecki A, Hao XJ, Misiewicz J, Shen YS, Green MA.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22004-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022004.PMID: 20941101 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Discrete parametric band conversion in silicon for mid-infrared applications.
Tien EK, Huang Y, Gao S, Song Q, Qian F, Kalyoncu SK, Boyraz O.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21981-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021981.PMID: 20941099 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Split of surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on silicon substrate: a study of dielectric functions.
Zhu S, Chen TP, Cen ZH, Goh ES, Yu SF, Liu YC, Liu Y.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21926-31. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021926.PMID: 20941092 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Solution-processed photodetectors from colloidal silicon nano/micro particle composite.
Tu CC, Tang L, Huang J, Voutsas A, Lin LY.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21622-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021622.PMID: 20941060 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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FDTD modeling of anisotropic nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides.
Dissanayake CM, Premaratne M, Rukhlenko ID, Agrawal GP.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21427-48. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021427.PMID: 20941040 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Multi-channel WDM RZ-to-NRZ format conversion at 50 Gbit/s based on single silicon microring resonator.
Ding Y, Peucheret C, Pu M, Zsigri B, Seoane J, Liu L, Xu J, Ou H, Zhang X, Huang D.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21121-30. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021121.PMID: 20941008 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Hybrid plasmon/dielectric waveguide for integrated silicon-on-insulator optical elements.
Flammer PD, Banks JM, Furtak TE, Durfee CG, Hollingsworth RE, Collins RT.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21013-23. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021013.PMID: 20940996 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Tunable photonic crystal based on?capillary attraction and repulsion.
Chan CT, Yeh JA.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):20894-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.020894.PMID: 20940984 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Tailoring the dispersion behavior of silicon nanophotonic slot waveguides.
Mas S, Caraquitena J, Galán JV, Sanchis P, Martí J.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):20839-44. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.020839.PMID: 20940978 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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High performance nanophotonic circuits based on partially buried horizontal slot waveguides.
Xiong C, Pernice WH, Li M, Tang HX.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):20690-8. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.020690.PMID: 20940965 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Label-free optical biosensing using a horizontal air-slot SiN(x) microdisk resonator.
Lee S, Eom SC, Chang JS, Huh C, Sung GY, Shin JH.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):20638-44. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.020638.PMID: 20940958 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Flattened dispersion in silicon slot waveguides.
Zhang L, Yue Y, Beausoleil RG, Willner AE.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 13;18(19):20529-34. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.020529.PMID: 20940946 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
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Recent Research & Development for Alloys
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The effect of beverage preparation method on aluminium content in coffee infusions.
Franková A, Drábek O, Havlík J, Száková J, Vanek A.
J Inorg Biochem. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19748677 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Acid generation upon thermal concentration of natural water: The critical water content and the effects of ionic composition.
Pulvirenti AL, Needham KM, Adel-Hadadi MA, Marks CR, Gorman JA, Shettel DL, Barkatt A.
J Contam Hydrol. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19748152 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Ferromagnetic Mesostructured Alloys: Design of Ordered Mesostructured Alloys with Multicomponent Metals from Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.
Yamauchi Y, Komatsu M, Fuziwara M, Nemoto Y, Sato K, Yokoshima T, Sukegawa H, Inomata K, Kuroda K.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID: 19746376 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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First obtaining of glass solutions and phase diagram of glucose with fully tunable anomeric concentration.
Dujardin N, Willart JF, Dudognon E, Danède F, Descamps M.
J Pharm Sci. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19739111 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Effect of casting atmosphere on the shear bond strength of a ceramic to Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Be alloys.
Pagnano VO, Esquivel Mde C, Leal MB, Felipucci DN, Bezzon OL.
Braz Dent J. 2009;20(2):138-42.
PMID: 19738947 [PubMed - in process]
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Sources, nature, and fate of heavy metal-bearing particles in the sewer system.
Houhou J, Lartiges BS, Montarges-Pelletier E, Sieliechi J, Ghanbaja J, Kohler A.
Sci Total Environ. 2009 Sep 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19735936 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Cobalt toxicity: chemical and radiological combined effects on HaCaT keratinocyte cell line.
Gault N, Sandre C, Poncy JL, Moulin C, Lefaix JL, Bresson C.
Toxicol In Vitro. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19735721 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Structural and Architectural Evaluation of Bimetallic Nanoparticles: A Case Study of Pt-Ru Core-Shell and Alloy Nanoparticles.
Alayoglu S, Zavalij P, Eichhorn B, Wang Q, Frenkel AI, Chupas P.
ACS Nano. 2009 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19731934 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Study of metallic components of historical organ pipes using synchrotron radiation X-ray microfluorescence imaging and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction.
Herrera LK, Justo A, Muñoz-Páez A, Sans JA, Martínez-Criado G.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Sep 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19730830 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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The effect of alkaline phosphatase coated onto titanium alloys on bone responses in rats.
Schouten C, van den Beucken JJ, de Jonge LT, Bronkhorst EM, Meijer GJ, Spauwen PH, Jansen JA.
Biomaterials. 2009 Aug 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19717187 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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A rapid isotope ratio analysis protocol for nuclear solid materials using nano-second laser-ablation time-of-flight ICP-MS.
Bürger S, Riciputi LR.
J Environ Radioact. 2009 Nov;100(11):970-6. Epub 2009 Aug 27.
PMID: 19716213 [PubMed - in process]
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Norepinephrine: Material-Independent, Multifunctional Surface Modification Reagent.
Kang SM, Rho J, Choi IS, Messersmith PB, Lee H.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19715340 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Selecting the right temporary cement.
Abrams SH.
Dent Today. 2009 Aug;28(8):108, 110-1. No abstract available.
PMID: 19715073 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Biomimetic Modification of Porous TiNbZr Alloy Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering.
Wang X, Li Y, Hodgson PD, Wen C.
Tissue Eng Part A. 2009 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19705960 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Ionic liquids as advanced lubricant fluids.
Bermúdez MD, Jiménez AE, Sanes J, Carrión FJ.
Molecules. 2009 Aug 4;14(8):2888-908.
PMID: 19701132 [PubMed - in process]
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Invited commentary.
Rasmussen TE.
J Vasc Surg. 2009 Sep;50(3):548. No abstract available.
PMID: 19700092 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intervertebral test spacers: an experimental comparison of magnesium versus titanium and carbon fiber reinforced polymers as biomaterials.
Ernstberger T, Buchhorn G, Heidrich G.
Ir J Med Sci. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19693644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Ultrasonic irradiation and its application for improving the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings on aluminum alloys.
Sheng M, Wang C, Zhong Q, Wei Y, Wang Y.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2010 Jan;17(1):21-5. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
PMID: 19692286 [PubMed - in process]
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Plasma reduction of bronze corrosion developed under long-term artificial ageing.
Novakovic J, Papadopoulou O, Vassiliou P, Filippaki E, Bassiakos Y.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19685234 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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First-principles studies on alloying and simplified thermodynamic aqueous chemical stability of calcium-, zinc-, aluminum-, yttrium- and iron-doped magnesium alloys.
Velikokhatnyi OI, Kumta PN.
Acta Biomater. 2009 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19683600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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