American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Gold Copper Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard target sizes range from 1" to 8" in diameter and from 2mm to 1/2" thick. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Gold as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Gold is a Block D, Group 11, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gold's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f142 5d10 6s1. In its elemental form gold's CAS number is 7440-57-5. The gold atom has a radius of 144.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 166.pm. Gold is not toxic. Gold is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems. It is also extensively used for jewelry, dental work, and for plating It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. One area that has seen significant growth is the use of gold in electronics, particularly within telecommunications, information technology and safety critical applications. Similarly, within computers there are usually gold-plated edge connectors. Gold bonding wires are used extensively within semiconductor packages, gold thick film inks are applied in the fabrication of hybrid circuits and gold's excellent solder wetting properties are used to form a very thin protective layer on copper laminate printed circuit boards. Gold was first discovered by Early Man c.a. 3000. The element name originated from the Latin word 'aurum' meaning gold. See Gold research below.
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Tissue engineering strategies in ligament regeneration.
Yilgor C, Yilgor Huri P, Huri G.
Stem Cells Int. 2012;2012:374676. Epub 2011 Dec 25.
PMID:
22242032
[PubMed - in process]
Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of lysozyme-stabilized gold nanoparticles.
Lee Y, Geckeler KE.
J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012 Jan 12. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34020. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241734
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dual surface modification with PEG and corn trypsin inhibitor: Effect of PEG:CTI ratio on protein resistance and anticoagulant properties.
Alibeik S, Zhu S, Yau JW, Weitz JI, Brash JL.
J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012 Jan 12. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34022. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241533
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High-throughput preparation of complex multi-scale patterns from block copolymer/homopolymer blend films.
Park H, Kim JU, Park S.
Nanoscale. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241398
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
How do medical students view the work life of primary care and specialty physicians?
Phillips J, Weismantel D, Gold K, Schwenk T.
Fam Med. 2012 Jan;44(1):7-13.
PMID:
22241335
[PubMed - in process]
Is expertise in pediatric surgery necessary to perform laparoscopic splenectomy in children? An experience from a department of general surgery.
Guaglio M, Romano F, Garancini M, Degrate L, Luperto M, Uggeri F, Scotti M, Uggeri F.
Updates Surg. 2012 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241167
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structure, reactivity, photoactivity and stability of Ti-O based materials: a theoretical comparison.
Wang Y, Sun T, Yang D, Liu H, Zhang H, Yao X, Zhao H.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240990
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of silver nanoparticles on primary mixed neural cell cultures: Uptake, oxidative stress and acute calcium responses.
Haase A, Rott S, Mantion A, Graf P, Plendl J, Thünemann AF, Meier WP, Taubert A, Luch A, Reiser G.
Toxicol Sci. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240980
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Distinct structural and optical regimes in natural silk spinning.
Holland C, O'Neil K, Vollrath F, Dicko C.
Biopolymers. 2012 Jan 12. doi: 10.1002/bip.22022. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240893
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Specialists' management decisions and attitudes towards mucositis and peri-implantitis.
Mattheos N, Collier S, Walmsley AD.
Br Dent J. 2012 Jan 13;212(1):E1. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.1.
PMID:
22240713
[PubMed - in process]
Ultrasound identification of nerve cords in the infraclavicular fossa: a clinical study.
Di Filippo A, Orando S, Luna A, Gianesello L, Boccaccini A, Campolo MC, De Gaudio AR.
Minerva Anestesiol. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240617
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Utility of an interferon-gamma release assay as a potential diagnostic aid for active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Taki-Eddin L, Monem F.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012 Jan 12;6(1):67-72.
PMID:
22240431
[PubMed - in process]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detected by modified fluorescent in situ hybridization in lymph nodes of clinical samples.
Rodriguez-Nuñez J, Avelar FJ, Marquez F, Rivas-Santiago B, Quiñones C, Guerrero-Barrera AL.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012 Jan 12;6(1):58-66.
PMID:
22240430
[PubMed - in process]
Comparison of PCR with standard culture of fine needle aspiration samples in the diagnosis of tuberculosis lymphadenitis.
Derese Y, Hailu E, Assefa T, Bekele Y, Mihret A, Aseffa A, Hussien J, Ali I, Abebe M.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012 Jan 12;6(1):53-7.
PMID:
22240429
[PubMed - in process]
Computer assisted dental rehabilitation in free flaps reconstructed jaws: one year follow-up of a prospective clinical study.
Meloni SM, De Riu G, Pisano M, Massarelli O, Tullio A.
Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240395
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preliminary findings in the heart rate variability and haemorheology response to varied frequency and duration of walking in women 65-74 yr with type 2 diabetes.
Simmonds MJ, Minahan CL, Serre KR, Gass GC, Marshall-Gradisnik SM, Haseler LJ, Sabapathy S.
Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2012 Jan 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240377
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Murine cardiac images obtained with focusing pinhole SPECT are barely influenced by extra-cardiac activity.
Branderhorst W, van der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Viergever MA, Beekman FJ.
Phys Med Biol. 2012 Jan 13;57(3):717-732. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240291
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The PSS-SR as a screening tool for PTSD in first-episode psychosis patients.
Sin GL, Abdin E, Lee J.
Early Interv Psychiatry. 2012 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00327.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240016
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and characterization of gold-chitosan nanocomposite and application of resultant nanocomposite in sensors.
Mathew M, Sureshkumar S, Sandhyarani N.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2011 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22239908
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cardiac MRI in muscular dystrophy: an overview and future directions.
Otto RK, Ferguson MR, Friedman SD.
Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2012 Feb;23(1):123-32.
PMID:
22239879
[PubMed - in process]
Altered intracellular localization and valosin-containing protein (p97 VCP) interaction underlie ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy.
Yi L, Donsante A, Kennerson ML, Mercer JF, Garbern JY, Kaler SG.
Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210628
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chitinolytic and Chitosanolytic Activities from Crude Cellulase Extract Produced by A. niger Grown on Apple Pomace Through Koji Fermentation.
Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Kaur S, Valero JR, Verma M.
J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec;21(12):1312-21.
PMID:
22210619
[PubMed - in process]
Structural and functional recovery of microbial biofilms after a decrease in copper exposure: Influence of the presence of pristine communities.
Lambert AS, Morin S, Artigas J, Volat B, Coquery M, Neyra M, Pesce S.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:118-126. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210500
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of copper on osmoregulation in sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus acclimated to different salinities.
Adeyemi JA, Deaton LE, Pesacreta TC, Klerks PL.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:111-117. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210499
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterization of the Chitinolytic Machinery of Enterococcus faecalis V583 and High-Resolution Structure of Its Oxidative CBM33 Enzyme.
Vaaje-Kolstad G, Bøhle LA, Gåseidnes S, Dalhus B, Bjørås M, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VG.
J Mol Biol. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210154
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrochemistry of copper(II) induced complexes in mycorrhizal maize plant tissues.
Zitka O, Merlos MA, Adam V, Ferrol N, Pohanka M, Hubalek J, Zehnalek J, Trnkova L, Kizek R.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209587
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The metal binding abilities of Megathura crenulata metallothionein (McMT) in the frame of Gastropoda MTs.
Pérez-Rafael S, Mezger A, Lieb B, Dallinger R, Capdevila M, Palacios O, Atrian S.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209022
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Photoluminescence quenching/recovery kinetics of [Ru(bpy)(2)(tatp)](2+) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(dmtatp)](2+) intercalated within DNA by copper(II) ions and EDTA.
Ji S, Chen M, Gan G, Li H, Li W.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22208960
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Peculiarities of copper binding to alpha-synuclein.
Ahmad A, Burns CS, Fink AL, Uversky VN.
J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2012 Feb;29(4):825-42.
PMID:
22208282
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Vitamin C and E Supplementation on IL-6 in response to Training.
Yfanti C, Fischer CP, Nielsen S, Akerström T, Nielsen AR, Veskoukis AS, Kouretas D, Lykkesfeldt J, Pilegaard H, Pedersen BK.
J Appl Physiol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22207723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc, Ferritin, Magnesium and Copper in a group of Egyptian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, Saber MM.
Ital J Pediatr. 2011 Dec 29;37(1):60. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206662
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intramolecular C-H Amination Leading to Imidazobenzimidazole Derivatives.
Wang X, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Fu H.
Org Lett. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206482
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High-Throughput Graphene Imaging on Arbitrary Substrates with Widefield Raman Spectroscopy.
Havener RW, Ju SY, Brown L, Wang Z, Wojcik M, Ruiz-Vargas CS, Park J.
ACS Nano. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Triarylboron-Functionalized Cu(II) Carboxylate Paddlewheel Complexes.
Blight BA, Stewart AF, Wang N, Lu JS, Wang S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206219
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Application of a topical biomimetic electrical signaling technology to photo-aging: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a galvanic zinc-copper complex.
Chantalat J, Bruning E, Sun Y, Liu JC.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2012 Jan 1;11(1):30-7.
PMID:
22206074
[PubMed - in process]
Assessment of Metal Pollution in Soils From a Former Havana (Cuba) Solid Waste Open Dump.
Díaz Rizo O, Hernández Merlo M, Echeverría Castillo F, Arado López JO.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22205471
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Coordination chemistry of copper proteins: How nature handles a toxic cargo for essential function.
Rubino JT, Franz KJ.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3;107(1):129-143. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204943
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palm oil fruit shells as biosorbent for copper removal from water and wastewater: Experiments and sorption models.
Hossain MA, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Nguyen TV.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204888
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effective and reversible DNA condensation induced by bifunctional molecules containing macrocyclic polyamines and naphthyl moieties.
Yan H, Li ZF, Guo ZF, Lu ZL, Wang F, Wu LZ.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204742
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fish quarantine: current practices in public zoos and aquaria.
Hadfield CA, Clayton LA.
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2011 Dec;42(4):641-50.
PMID:
22204059
[PubMed - in process]
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard target sizes range from 1" to 8" in diameter and from 2mm to 1/2" thick. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Gold as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Gold is a Block D, Group 11, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gold's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f142 5d10 6s1. In its elemental form gold's CAS number is 7440-57-5. The gold atom has a radius of 144.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 166.pm. Gold is not toxic. Gold is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems. It is also extensively used for jewelry, dental work, 
and for plating It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it 
is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. One area that has seen significant growth is the use of gold in electronics, particularly within telecommunications, information technology and safety critical applications. Similarly, within computers there are usually gold-plated edge connectors. Gold bonding wires are used extensively within semiconductor packages, gold thick film inks are applied in the fabrication of hybrid circuits and gold's excellent solder wetting properties are used to form a very thin protective layer on copper laminate printed circuit boards. Gold was first discovered by Early Man c.a. 3000. The element name originated from the Latin word 'aurum' meaning gold. See Gold research below. 
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known 
copper compound. It is used as 
an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below. 
