American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Gold Silicon Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard target sizes range from 1" to 8" in diameter and from 2mm to 1/2" thick. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Gold as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Gold is a Block D, Group 11, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gold's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f142 5d10 6s1. In its elemental form gold's CAS number is 7440-57-5. The gold atom has a radius of 144.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 166.pm. Gold is not toxic. Gold is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems. It is also extensively used for jewelry, dental work, and for plating It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. One area that has seen significant growth is the use of gold in electronics, particularly within telecommunications, information technology and safety critical applications. Similarly, within computers there are usually gold-plated edge connectors. Gold bonding wires are used extensively within semiconductor packages, gold thick film inks are applied in the fabrication of hybrid circuits and gold's excellent solder wetting properties are used to form a very thin protective layer on copper laminate printed circuit boards. Gold was first discovered by Early Man c.a. 3000. See Gold research below.
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Tissue engineering strategies in ligament regeneration.
Yilgor C, Yilgor Huri P, Huri G.
Stem Cells Int. 2012;2012:374676. Epub 2011 Dec 25.
PMID:
22242032
[PubMed - in process]
Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of lysozyme-stabilized gold nanoparticles.
Lee Y, Geckeler KE.
J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012 Jan 12. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34020. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241734
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dual surface modification with PEG and corn trypsin inhibitor: Effect of PEG:CTI ratio on protein resistance and anticoagulant properties.
Alibeik S, Zhu S, Yau JW, Weitz JI, Brash JL.
J Biomed Mater Res A. 2012 Jan 12. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34022. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241533
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High-throughput preparation of complex multi-scale patterns from block copolymer/homopolymer blend films.
Park H, Kim JU, Park S.
Nanoscale. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241398
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
How do medical students view the work life of primary care and specialty physicians?
Phillips J, Weismantel D, Gold K, Schwenk T.
Fam Med. 2012 Jan;44(1):7-13.
PMID:
22241335
[PubMed - in process]
Is expertise in pediatric surgery necessary to perform laparoscopic splenectomy in children? An experience from a department of general surgery.
Guaglio M, Romano F, Garancini M, Degrate L, Luperto M, Uggeri F, Scotti M, Uggeri F.
Updates Surg. 2012 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241167
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structure, reactivity, photoactivity and stability of Ti-O based materials: a theoretical comparison.
Wang Y, Sun T, Yang D, Liu H, Zhang H, Yao X, Zhao H.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240990
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of silver nanoparticles on primary mixed neural cell cultures: Uptake, oxidative stress and acute calcium responses.
Haase A, Rott S, Mantion A, Graf P, Plendl J, Thünemann AF, Meier WP, Taubert A, Luch A, Reiser G.
Toxicol Sci. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240980
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Distinct structural and optical regimes in natural silk spinning.
Holland C, O'Neil K, Vollrath F, Dicko C.
Biopolymers. 2012 Jan 12. doi: 10.1002/bip.22022. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240893
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Specialists' management decisions and attitudes towards mucositis and peri-implantitis.
Mattheos N, Collier S, Walmsley AD.
Br Dent J. 2012 Jan 13;212(1):E1. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.1.
PMID:
22240713
[PubMed - in process]
Ultrasound identification of nerve cords in the infraclavicular fossa: a clinical study.
Di Filippo A, Orando S, Luna A, Gianesello L, Boccaccini A, Campolo MC, De Gaudio AR.
Minerva Anestesiol. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240617
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Utility of an interferon-gamma release assay as a potential diagnostic aid for active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Taki-Eddin L, Monem F.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012 Jan 12;6(1):67-72.
PMID:
22240431
[PubMed - in process]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detected by modified fluorescent in situ hybridization in lymph nodes of clinical samples.
Rodriguez-Nuñez J, Avelar FJ, Marquez F, Rivas-Santiago B, Quiñones C, Guerrero-Barrera AL.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012 Jan 12;6(1):58-66.
PMID:
22240430
[PubMed - in process]
Comparison of PCR with standard culture of fine needle aspiration samples in the diagnosis of tuberculosis lymphadenitis.
Derese Y, Hailu E, Assefa T, Bekele Y, Mihret A, Aseffa A, Hussien J, Ali I, Abebe M.
J Infect Dev Ctries. 2012 Jan 12;6(1):53-7.
PMID:
22240429
[PubMed - in process]
Computer assisted dental rehabilitation in free flaps reconstructed jaws: one year follow-up of a prospective clinical study.
Meloni SM, De Riu G, Pisano M, Massarelli O, Tullio A.
Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240395
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preliminary findings in the heart rate variability and haemorheology response to varied frequency and duration of walking in women 65-74 yr with type 2 diabetes.
Simmonds MJ, Minahan CL, Serre KR, Gass GC, Marshall-Gradisnik SM, Haseler LJ, Sabapathy S.
Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2012 Jan 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240377
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Murine cardiac images obtained with focusing pinhole SPECT are barely influenced by extra-cardiac activity.
Branderhorst W, van der Have F, Vastenhouw B, Viergever MA, Beekman FJ.
Phys Med Biol. 2012 Jan 13;57(3):717-732. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240291
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The PSS-SR as a screening tool for PTSD in first-episode psychosis patients.
Sin GL, Abdin E, Lee J.
Early Interv Psychiatry. 2012 Jan 13. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7893.2011.00327.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22240016
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and characterization of gold-chitosan nanocomposite and application of resultant nanocomposite in sensors.
Mathew M, Sureshkumar S, Sandhyarani N.
Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2011 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22239908
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cardiac MRI in muscular dystrophy: an overview and future directions.
Otto RK, Ferguson MR, Friedman SD.
Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2012 Feb;23(1):123-32.
PMID:
22239879
[PubMed - in process]
Desymmetrization of 7-dimethylphenylsilylcycloheptatriene. Towards the synthesis of new aminocycloheptitols.
Girard E, Desvergnes V, Tarnus C, Landais Y.
Org Biomol Chem. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941452 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Enzyme-functionalized polymer brush films on the inner wall of silicon-glass microreactors with tunable biocatalytic activity.
Costantini F, Benetti EM, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J, Vancso GJ, Verboom W.
Lab Chip. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Wavelength-tunable excited-state absorption and optical limiting effects in the Q band region based on silicon phthalocyanine oligomers.
Ishii K, Sakai N.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20941425 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Role of near-field enhancement in plasmonic laser nanoablation using gold nanorods on a silicon substrate.
Harrison RK, Ben-Yakar A.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22556-71. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022556.PMID: 20941153 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Ultrafast all-optical modulator with femtojoule absorbed switching energy in silicon-on-insulator.
Schönenberger S, Stöferle T, Moll N, Mahrt RF, Dahlem MS, Wahlbrink T, Bolten J, Mollenhauer T, Kurz H, Offrein BJ.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22485-96. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022485.PMID: 20941147 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
The observation of super-long range surface plasmon polaritons modes and its application as sensory devices.
Zhang XL, Song JF, Lo GQ, Kwong DL.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22462-70. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022462.PMID: 20941145 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Silicon photonic temperature sensor?employing a ring resonator manufactured?using a standard CMOS process.
Kim GD, Lee HS, Park CH, Lee SS, Lim BT, Bae HK, Lee WG.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22215-21. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022215.PMID: 20941123 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Highly efficient nonlinearity reduction in silicon-on-insulator waveguides using vertical slots.
Yue Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Beausoleil RG, Willner AE.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22061-6. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022061.PMID: 20941107 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Quantitative evaluation of boron-induced disorder in multilayers containing silicon nanocrystals in an oxide matrix designed for photovoltaic applications.
Zatryb G, Podhorodecki A, Hao XJ, Misiewicz J, Shen YS, Green MA.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):22004-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.022004.PMID: 20941101 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Discrete parametric band conversion in silicon for mid-infrared applications.
Tien EK, Huang Y, Gao S, Song Q, Qian F, Kalyoncu SK, Boyraz O.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21981-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021981.PMID: 20941099 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Split of surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on silicon substrate: a study of dielectric functions.
Zhu S, Chen TP, Cen ZH, Goh ES, Yu SF, Liu YC, Liu Y.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21926-31. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021926.PMID: 20941092 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Solution-processed photodetectors from colloidal silicon nano/micro particle composite.
Tu CC, Tang L, Huang J, Voutsas A, Lin LY.
Opt Express. 2010 Oct 11;18(21):21622-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021622.PMID: 20941060 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
FDTD modeling of anisotropic nonlinear optical phenomena in silicon waveguides.
Dissanayake CM, Premaratne M, Rukhlenko ID, Agrawal GP.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21427-48. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021427.PMID: 20941040 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Multi-channel WDM RZ-to-NRZ format conversion at 50 Gbit/s based on single silicon microring resonator.
Ding Y, Peucheret C, Pu M, Zsigri B, Seoane J, Liu L, Xu J, Ou H, Zhang X, Huang D.
Opt Express. 2010 Sep 27;18(20):21121-30. doi: 10.1364/OE.18.021121.PMID: 20941008 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard target sizes range from 1" to 8" in diameter and from 2mm to 1/2" thick. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Gold as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Gold is a Block D, Group 11, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gold's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f142 5d10 6s1. In its elemental form gold's CAS number is 7440-57-5. The gold atom has a radius of 144.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 166.pm. Gold is not toxic. Gold is a soft metal and is usually alloyed to give it more strength. It is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is unaffected by air and most reagents. It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems. It is also extensively used for jewelry, dental work, 
and for plating It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it 
is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. One area that has seen significant growth is the use of gold in electronics, particularly within telecommunications, information technology and safety critical applications. Similarly, within computers there are usually gold-plated edge connectors. Gold bonding wires are used extensively within semiconductor packages, gold thick film inks are applied in the fabrication of hybrid circuits and gold's excellent solder wetting properties are used to form a very thin protective layer on copper laminate printed circuit boards. Gold was first discovered by Early Man c.a. 3000. See Gold research below. 
Silicon is a Block P, Group 14, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Silicon's shells is 2, 8, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p2. In its elemental form silicon's CAS number is 7440-21-3. The silicon atom has a radius of 117.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 210.pm. Silicon is not toxic but can cause chronic respiratory problems if inhaled as a fine silica or silicate dust. Asbestos silicates are carcinogenic. Silicon is
one of man's most useful elements. It makes up 25.7% of the earth's crust, by weight, and is the second most abundant element, being exceeded only by oxygen. The Czochralski process is commonly used to produce single crystals of silicon used for solid-state or semiconductor devices. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass, one of the most inexpensive of materials with excellent mechanical, optical, thermal, and electrical properties. Silicon is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ultra high purity silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus , or arsenic to produce silicon for use in 
transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon has shown promise in producing economical cells for converting solar energy into electricity. Silcones are important products of silicon. They range from liquids to hard, glasslike solids with many useful properties. Silicon was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1823. The name Silicon originates from the Latin word "silex" which means flint or hard stone. See Silicon research below. 
