Barium Sodium Niobium Oxide is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Barium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Barium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 6s2. In its elemental form barium's CAS number is 7440-39-3. The barium atom has a radius of 217.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Barium powder can ignite spontaneously in air and when Barium compounds are water or acid soluble, they are very poisonous. Barium sulfate which is used in x-ray imaging, is highly insoluble in water, and consequently completely removed from the digestive tract. Barium is a member of the alkaline-earth metals. It has technical applications in glass, electronics and medicine. It is also used in paints and colorants. Electronic coatings based on barium titanate are essential to cell phones and other microelectronics. It has long been used in medical diagnostic techniques because it makes a good x-ray contrast medium. Barium is a dopant in various fluorescent lamp coating formulas. Barium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Barium research below.
Sodium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Sodium's shells is 2, 8, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s1. In its elemental form sodium's CAS number is 7440-23-5. The sodium atom has a radius of 185.8.pm and it's Van der Waalsradius is 227.pm. Sodium is not toxic but skin contact may cause irritation and burns. Sodium is primarily used in its metallic form in the production of chemical esters and in the manufacturing of various other organic compounds. The metal is used in the alloy of tin, nickel and copper for its structural characteristics. Sodium is availableas metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. High purity sodium compounds are used as reducing agents. Sodium compounds are used in low tech applications throughout industry. Sodium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. The name Sodium comes from the Latin word "natrium" which means sodium carbonate. See Sodium research below.
Niobium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Niobium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d4 5s1. In its elemental form niobium's CAS number is 7440-03-1. The niobium atom has a radius of 142.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Some niobium compounds are considered very toxic. Niobium is the basis for various barium titanate compositions used as dielectric coatings in telecommunications and small advanced electronics, such as cell phones, pagers and laptop computers. Niobium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Niobium has medical research applications. It is alloyed to produce arc-welding rods and in corrosion-resistant steel. Niobium was first discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. The word Niobium originates from Niobe, daughter of mythical Greek king Tantalus. See Niobium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
The effect of frequency of calcium hydroxide dressing change and various pre- and inter-operative factors on the endodontic treatment of traumatized immature permanent incisors.
Yassen GH, Chin J, Mohammedsharif AG, Alsoufy SS, Othman SS, Eckert G.
Dent Traumatol. 2011 Nov 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.01089.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22136164
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Thirteen Years' Experience of Diaphragmatic Injury in Children from the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS), Rohtak, India.
Rattan KN, Narang R, Rohilla S, Maggu S, Dhaulakhandi DB.
Malays J Med Sci. 2011 Jan;18(1):45-51.
PMID:
22135573
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Requirement of Potassium for the Action of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) on Frog Skin.
Jared SR, Rao JP.
Zoolog Sci. 2011 Dec;28(12):916-21.
PMID:
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Removal efficiency of water purifier and adsorbent for iodine, cesium, strontium, barium and zirconium in drinking water.
Sato I, Kudo H, Tsuda S.
J Toxicol Sci. 2011;36(6):829-34.
PMID:
22129747
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Compact pulse forming line using barium titanate ceramic material.
Kumar Sharma S, Deb P, Shukla R, Prabaharan T, Shyam A.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Nov;82(11):115102.
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Barium enema and diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Claridge LC.
BMJ. 2011 Nov 29;343:d7704. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7704. No abstract available.
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Preparation methods and thermal stability of Ba-Mn-Ce oxide catalyst for NO(x)-assisted soot oxidation.
Wu X, Lin F, Wang L, Weng D, Zhou Z.
J Environ Sci (China). 2011;23(7):1205-10.
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Mechanisms of the cerebral vasodilator actions of isoflavonoids of Gegen on rat isolated basilar artery.
Deng Y, Ng ES, Yeung JH, Kwan YW, Lau CB, Koon JC, Zhou L, Zuo Z, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lam FF.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print]
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22120017
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[A new retrievable nitinol alloy stents for treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures].
Li XH, Hu Y, Yang H, Bella AE, Fu JH.
Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2011 Nov;14(11):875-8. Chinese.
PMID:
22116724
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Long-term follow-up of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe refractory Crohn's disease.
Hommes DW, Duijvestein M, Zelinkova Z, Stokkers PC, Ley MH, Stoker J, Voermans C, van Oers MH, Kersten MJ.
J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Dec;5(6):543-9. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
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22115372
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A novel multipass scheme for enhancement of second harmonic generation.
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Opt Express. 2011 Nov 7;19(23):22692-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.022692.
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22109150
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Insight into the local structure of barium indate oxide-ion conductors: An X-ray total scattering study.
Mancini A, Shin JF, Orera A, Slater PR, Tealdi C, Ren Y, Page KL, Malavasi L.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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Hiatal hernias.
Dean C, Etienne D, Carpentier B, Gielecki J, Tubbs RS, Loukas M.
Surg Radiol Anat. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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22105688
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New Volatile Strontium and Barium Imidazolate Complexes for the Deposition of Group 2 Metal Oxides.
Norman JA, Perez M, Kim MS, Lei X, Ivanov S, Derecskei-Kovacs A, Matz L, Buchanan I, Rheingold AL.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
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22103761
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
INDIVIDUAL-SPECIFIC TRANSGENERATIONAL MARKING OF FISH POPULATIONS BASED ON A BARIUM DUAL-ISOTOPE PROCEDURE.
Huelga-Suarez G, Moldovan M, Garcia-Valiente A, Garcia-Vazquez E, Alonso JI.
Anal Chem. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22103693
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Ileorectal fistula due to a rectal cancer-A case report.
Takahashi M, Fukuda T.
Int J Surg Case Rep. 2011;2(2):20-1. Epub 2010 Nov 27.
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22096678
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Pilot study: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of pancrealipase for the treatment of postprandial irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhoea.
Money ME, Walkowiak J, Virgilio C, Talley NJ.
Frontline Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;2(1):48-56. Epub 2010 Nov 3.
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[PubMed]
Functional antagonism of amphetamine versus ethanol on adrenergic neurotransmission in vas deferens of adolescent rats.
Silva Jśnior ED, Caricati-Neto A, Jurkiewicz NH, Jurkiewicz A.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22094068
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Esophageal inlet patch.
Behrens C, Yen PP.
Radiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:460890. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
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22091379
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C-A5-02: Is Tailored Screening for Colorectal Cancer based on Gender and Race Cost-Effective?
Flottemesch T; the Prevention Priorities Study Team.
Clin Med Res. 2011 Nov;9(3-4):174.
PMID:
22090618
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Natural history of Christianson syndrome.
Schroer RJ, Holden KR, Tarpey PS, Matheus MG, Griesemer DA, Friez MJ, Fan JZ, Simensen RJ, Strømme P, Stevenson RE, Stratton MR, Schwartz CE.
Am J Med Genet A. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20949524 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Prevention of Selenite-Induced Cataractogenesis by an Ethanolic Extract of Cineraria maritima: An Experimental Evaluation of the Traditional Eye Medication.
Anitha TS, Annadurai T, Thomas PA, Geraldine P.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20949376 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
NMR of heparin API: investigation of unidentified signals in the USP-specified range of 2.12-3.00 ppm.
Lee SE, Chess EK, Rabinow B, Ray GJ, Szabo CM, Melnick B, Miller RL, Nair LM, Moore EG.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Oct 15. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20949261 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Domain-based identification and analysis of glutamate receptor ion channels and their relatives in prokaryotes.
Ger MF, Rendon G, Tilson JL, Jakobsson E.
PLoS One. 2010 Oct 6;5(10). pii: e12827.PMID: 20949136 [PubMed - in process]Free PMC ArticleRelated citations
[Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion Following Adjuvant CDDP and 5-FU Administration in a Patient with Esophageal Carcinoma.]
Horio T, Tsujimoto H, Akase T, Sakamoto N, Yaguchi Y, Hiraki S, Aiko S, Takechi H, Hase K, Maehara T.
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2010 Oct;37(10):1945-1948. Japanese. PMID: 20948261 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
[A Case of Esophageal Small Cell Carcinoma with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion.]
Kanzaki M, Muto Y, Yoshinouchi S, Maeda M, Miyoshi S, Teshima S.
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2010 Oct;37(10):1941-1944. Japanese. PMID: 20948260 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Surgical Intrauterine Insemination with Cat Semen Cryopreserved with Orvus ES Paste or Sodium Lauryl Sulfate.
Tsutsui T, Mizutani T, Matsubara Y, Toyonaga M, Oba H, Hori T.
J Vet Med Sci. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20948170 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
Sodium and Potassium Balance Depends on {alpha}ENaC Expression in Connecting Tubule.
Christensen BM, Perrier R, Wang Q, Zuber AM, Maillard M, Mordasini D, Malsure S, Ronzaud C, Stehle JC, Rossier BC, Hummler E.
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20947633 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Is epidural analgesia necessary after video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy?
Kamiyoshihara M, Nagashima T, Ibe T, Atsumi J, Shimizu K, Takeyoshi I.
Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2010 Oct;18(5):464-8.PMID: 20947601 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper 1 stimulates the epithelial sodium channel by regulating serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 stability and subcellular localization.
Soundararajan R, Wang J, Melters D, Pearce D.
J Biol Chem. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20947508 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
Development and application of a validated HPLC method for the analysis of dissolution samples of levothyroxine sodium drug products.
Collier JW, Shah RB, Bryant AR, Habib MJ, Khan MA, Faustino PJ.
J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20947276 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Critical flux and chemical cleaning-in-place during the long-term operation of a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment.
Wei CH, Huang X, Ben Aim R, Yamamoto K, Amy G.
Water Res. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20947121 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Induces Intrinsic Alterations in Na Channel Gating in Layer II Medial Entorhinal Cortex Neurons.
Hargus NJ, Merrick EC, Nigam A, Kalmar CL, Baheti AR, Bertram EH 3rd, Patel MK.
Neurobiol Dis. 2010 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20946956 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in the intensive care unit by urea.
Decaux G, Andres C, Gankam Kengne F, Soupart A.
Crit Care. 2010 Oct 14;14(5):R184. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20946646 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Curcumin supplementation could improve diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction associated with decreased vascular superoxide production and PKC inhibition.
Rungseesantivanon S, Thenchaisri N, Ruangvejvorachai P, Patumraj S.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010 Oct 14;10(1):57. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20946622 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
Impaired sodium levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are associated with the formation of cardiovascular deficiency in sleep-deprived rats.
Chang HM, Mai FD, Lei SL, Ling YC.
J Anat. 2010 Oct 15. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01312.x. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20946541 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A seed high-lysine trait is negatively associated with the TCA cycle and slows down Arabidopsis seed germination.
Angelovici R, Fait A, Fernie AR, Galili G.
New Phytol. 2010 Oct 11. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03478.x. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20946418 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Highly Accurate and Consistent Microfluidic Viscometer for Continuous Blood Viscosity Measurement.
Kang YJ, Yoon SY, Lee KH, Yang S.
Artif Organs. 2010 Oct 14. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1594.2010.01078.x. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20946281 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Comparative Study of Polymeric Stabilizers for Magnetite Nanoparticles Using ATRP.
Golas PL, Louie S, Lowry GV, Matyjaszewski K, Tilton RD.
Langmuir. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20945936 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Characterization of the Raman Modes in a J-Aggregate-Forming Dye: A Comparison between Theory and Experiment.
Coles DM, Meijer AJ, Tsoi WC, Charlton MD, Kim JS, Lidzey DG.
J Phys Chem A. 2010 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20945930 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Organically templated metal germanate: Ionothermal synthesis of (C(8)H(24)N(4))[NbOGe(6)O(13)(OH)(2)F].
Nguyen QB, Lii KH.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21931917
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Active Low-valent Niobium Catalysts from NbCl5 and Hydrosilanes for Selective Intermolecular Cycloadditions.
Satoh Y, Obora Y.
J Org Chem. 2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21919436
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of transparent aqueous sols of colloidal layered niobate nanocrystals at room temperature.
Ban T, Yoshikawa S, Ohya Y.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21903222
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
White Phosphorus Activation at a Metal-Phosphorus Triple Bond: a New Route to cyclo-Triphosphorus or cyclo-Pentaphosphorus Complexes of Niobium.
Tofan D, Cossairt BM, Cummins CC.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21894967
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Niobium phosphates as new highly selective catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane.
Weng W, Davies M, Whiting G, Solsona B, Kiely CJ, Carley AF, Taylor SH.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Oct 14;13(38):17395-404. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
PMID:
21881631
[PubMed - in process]
Assessment of the Morphological, Biochemical, and Kinetic Properties for Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized on Hydrous Niobium Oxide to Be Used in the Biodiesel Synthesis.
Miranda M, Urioste D, Andrade Souza LT, Mendes AA, de Castro HF.
Enzyme Res. 2011;2011:216435. Epub 2011 Aug 16.
PMID:
21876790
[PubMed - in process]
A highly efficient silver niobium alumina catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by n-decane.
Petitto C, Mutin HP, Delahay G.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Sep 20;47(38):10728-30. Epub 2011 Aug 24.
PMID:
21869952
[PubMed - in process]
A study of phase separated Ni(66)Nb(17)Y(17) metallic glass using atom probe tomography.
Shariq A, Mattern N.
Ultramicroscopy. 2011 Jul;111(8):1370-4. Epub 2011 May 18.
PMID:
21864779
[PubMed - in process]
Z-Selective, Catalytic Internal Alkyne Semihydrogenation under H(2)/CO Mixtures by a Niobium(III) Imido Complex.
Gianetti TL, Tomson NC, Arnold J, Bergman RG.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Sep 28;133(38):14904-7. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
PMID:
21854008
[PubMed - in process]
Highly aligned carbon nanotube forests coated by superconducting NbC.
Zou GF, Luo HM, Baily S, Zhang YY, Haberkorn NF, Xiong J, Bauer E, McCleskey TM, Burrell AK, Civale L, Zhu YT, Macmanus-Driscoll JL, Jia QX.
Nat Commun. 2011 Aug 16;2:428. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1438.
PMID:
21847102
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Anisotropy of extinction: extrapolation to the kinematical limit by ?-ray diffraction.
Jauch W, Reehuis M.
Acta Crystallogr A. 2011 Sep;67(Pt 5):469-72. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
PMID:
21844651
[PubMed - in process]
Tri-?-oxido-bis-[(5,10,15,20-tetra-phenyl-porphyrinato-?N)niobium(V)].
Soury R, Belkhiria MS, Daran JC, Nasri H.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jul 1;67(Pt 7):m862-3. Epub 2011 Jun 4.
PMID:
21836860
[PubMed - in process]
Assessing the performance and longevity of Nb, Pt, Ta, Ti, Zr, and ZrO?-sputtered Havar foils for the high-power production of reactive [¹?F]F? by proton irradiation of [¹?O]H?O.
Gagnon K, Wilson JS, Sant E, Backhouse CJ, McQuarrie SA.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Oct;69(10):1330-6. Epub 2011 Feb 25.
PMID:
21782460
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NbN and NbS2 nanobelt arrays: in-situ conversion preparation and field-emission performance.
Tao Y, Gao Q, Wang X, Wu X, Mao C, Zhu J.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):3345-9.
PMID:
21776707
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SrNbO2N as a water-splitting photoanode with a wide visible-light absorption band.
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Oxygen-containing gas-phase diatomic trications and tetracations: ReO(z+), NbO(z+) and HfO(z+) (z = 3, 4).
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Li(2)Ca(1.5)Nb(3)O(10) from X-ray powder data.
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Novel borothermal process for the synthesis of nanocrystalline oxides and borides of niobium.
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Tuning of superconducting niobium nitride terahertz metamaterials.
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Opt Express. 2011 Jun 20;19(13):12021-6. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.012021.
PMID:
21716437
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Light-induced spin-crossover magnet.
Ohkoshi S, Imoto K, Tsunobuchi Y, Takano S, Tokoro H.
Nat Chem. 2011 Jun 5;3(7):564-9. doi: 10.1038/nchem.1067.
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21697879
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Barium Sodium Niobium Oxide is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Barium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Barium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 6s2. In its elemental form barium's CAS number is 7440-39-3. The barium atom has a radius of 217.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Barium powder can ignite spontaneously in air and when Barium compounds are water or acid soluble, they are very poisonous. Barium sulfate which is used in x-ray imaging, is highly insoluble in water, and consequently completely removed from the digestive tract. Barium is a member of the
alkaline-earth metals. It has technical applications in glass, electronics and medicine. It is also 
used in paints and colorants. Electronic coatings based on barium titanate are essential to cell phones and other microelectronics. It has long been used in medical diagnostic techniques because it makes a good x-ray contrast medium. Barium is a dopant in various fluorescent lamp coating formulas. Barium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Barium research below. 
Sodium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Sodium's shells is 2, 8, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s1. In its elemental form sodium's CAS number is 7440-23-5. The sodium atom has a radius of 185.8.pm and it's Van der Waalsradius is 227.pm. Sodium is not toxic but skin contact may cause irritation and burns. Sodium is primarily used in its metallic form in the production of 
chemical esters and in the manufacturing of various other organic compounds. The metal is used in the alloy of tin, nickel and copper for its structural characteristics. Sodium is availableas metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. High purity sodium compounds are used as reducing agents. Sodium compounds are used in low tech applications throughout industry. Sodium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1807. The name Sodium comes from the Latin word "natrium" which means sodium carbonate. See Sodium research below.
Niobium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Niobium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d4 5s1. In its elemental form niobium's CAS number is 7440-03-1. The niobium atom has a radius of 142.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Some niobium compounds are considered very toxic. Niobium is the basis for various barium titanate compositions used as dielectric coatings in telecommunications 
and small advanced electronics, such as cell phones, pagers and laptop computers. Niobium is available as metal and compounds
with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Niobium has medical research applications. It is alloyed to produce arc-welding rods and in corrosion-resistant steel. Niobium was first discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. The word Niobium originates from Niobe, daughter of mythical Greek king Tantalus. See Niobium research below. 
