Barium Ruthenate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Barium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Barium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 6s2. In its elemental form barium's CAS number is 7440-39-3. The barium atom has a radius of 217.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Barium powder can ignite spontaneously in air and when Barium compounds are water or acid soluble, they are very poisonous. Barium sulfate which is used in x-ray imaging, is highly insoluble in water, and consequently completely removed from the digestive tract. Barium is a member of the alkaline-earth metals. It has technical applications in glass, electronics and medicine. It is also used in paints and colorants. Electronic coatings based on barium titanate are essential to cell phones and other microelectronics. It has long been used in medical diagnostic techniques because it makes a good x-ray contrast medium. Barium is a dopant in various fluorescent lamp coating formulas. Barium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Barium research below.
Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Ruthenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is very toxic and Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered carcinogen. Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogensulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmiumsulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia. See Ruthenium research below.
Multiferroic m-type hexaferrites with a room-temperature conical state and magnetically controllable spin helicity.
Tokunaga Y, Kaneko Y, Okuyama D, Ishiwata S, Arima T, Wakimoto S, Kakurai K, Taguchi Y, Tokura Y.
Phys Rev Lett. 2010 Dec 17;105(25):257201. Epub 2010 Dec 13.PMID: 21231619 [PubMed - in process]
Anion recognition and cation-induced molecular motion in a heteroditopic [2]rotaxane.
Leontiev AV, Jemmett CA, Beer PD.
Chemistry. 2011 Jan 17;17(3):816-25. doi: 10.1002/chem.201002405. Epub 2010 Nov 24.PMID: 21226096 [PubMed - in process]
[A Case Report of Pathologically Complete Response with Chemo - Radiation for Rectal Cancer.]
-Ichirou Yoshitani S, Ohnishi T, Tomita Y, Ohno Y, Hosokawa K, Yokoi M, Funaki H, Kinami S, Omote K, Ueda N, Nakano Y, Kosaka T.
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2010 Nov;37(12):2632-2634. Japanese. PMID: 21224662 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Videofluoroscopic Evaluation of Swallowing in Chagas' Disease.
Dos Santos CM, Cassiani RA, Dantas RO.
Dysphagia. 2011 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21221655 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Laparoscopic Repair of Paraesophageal Hernia: Long-term Follow-up Reveals Good Clinical Outcome Despite High Radiological Recurrence Rate.
Dallemagne B, Kohnen L, Perretta S, Weerts J, Markiewicz S, Jehaes C.
Ann Surg. 2011 Jan 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21217518 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Behavior of inorganic elements during sludge ozonation and their effects on sludge solubilization.
Sui P, Nishimura F, Nagare H, Hidaka T, Nakagawa Y, Tsuno H.
Water Res. 2010 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21215984 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Load-bearing capacity of handmade and computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing-fabricated three-unit fixed dental prostheses of particulate filler composite.
Göncü Basaran E, Ayna E, Vallittu PK, Lasilla LV.
Acta Odontol Scand. 2011 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21208023 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Supercharged jejunum flap for total esophageal reconstruction: single-surgeon 3-year experience and outcomes analysis.
Barzin A, Norton JA, Whyte R, Lee GK.
Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Jan;127(1):173-80.PMID: 21200211 [PubMed - in process]
Xenograft of microencapsulated sertoli cells reverses T1DM in NOD mice by inducing neogenesis of beta-cells.
Luca G, Fallarino F, Calvitti M, Mancuso F, Nastruzzi C, Arato I, Falabella G, Grohmann U, Becchetti E, Puccetti P, Calafiore R.
Transplantation. 2010 Dec 27;90(12):1352-7.PMID: 21197711 [PubMed - in process]
Sonographic measurement of abdominal esophageal length as a diagnostic tool in gastroesophageal reflux disease in infants.
Dehdashti H, Dehdashtian M, Rahim F, Payvasteh M.
Saudi J Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan-Feb;17(1):53-7.PMID: 21196654 [PubMed - in process]
Doubly Activated Supramolecular Reaction: Transesterification of Acyclic Oligoether Esters with Metal Alkoxides.
Kawakami K, Sei Y, Yamaguchi K, Tsuda A.
J Org Chem. 2010 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21192651 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Giant fibrovascular polyp of the esophagus: report of a case.
Goenka AH, Sharma S, Ramachandran V, Chattopadhyay TK, Ray R.
Surg Today. 2011 Jan;41(1):120-4. Epub 2010 Dec 30.PMID: 21191703 [PubMed - in process]
Pharyngeal Swallowing Sound Profile Assessed after Partial and Total Laryngectomy.
Morinière S, Boiron M, Brunereau L, Beutter P, Patat F.
Dysphagia. 2010 Dec 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21188605 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ileocecal junction: anatomic, histologic, radiologic and endoscopic studies with special reference to its antireflux mechanism.
Shafik AA, Ahmed IA, Shafik A, Wahdan M, Asaad S, El Neizamy E.
Surg Radiol Anat. 2010 Dec 24. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21184079 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Monte Carlo estimation of radiation doses during paediatric barium meal and cystourethrography examinations.
Dimitriadis A, Gialousis G, Makri T, Karlatira M, Karaiskos P, Georgiou E, Papaodysseas S, Yakoumakis E.
Phys Med Biol. 2011 Jan 21;56(2):367-82. Epub 2010 Dec 22.PMID: 21178238 [PubMed - in process]
[Diagnosis and treatment of congenital fourth branchial anomaly].
Chen LS, Zhang SY, Luo XN, Song XH, Zhan JD, Chen SH, Lu ZM.
Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Oct;45(10):835-8. Chinese. PMID: 21176575 [PubMed - in process]
Rectal cancer staging: is there an optimal method?
Påhlman L, Torkzad MR.
Future Oncol. 2011 Jan;7(1):93-100.PMID: 21174540 [PubMed - in process]
Esophageal Dysmotility Disorders After Laparoscopic Gastric Banding-An Underestimated Complication.
Naef M, Mouton WG, Naef U, van der Weg B, Maddern GJ, Wagner HE.
Ann Surg. 2010 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21169806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reversed-phase liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry with isotope dilution for the analysis of nitrate and nitrite in water.
Li Y, Whitaker JS, McCarty CL.
J Chromatogr A. 2011 Jan 21;1218(3):476-83. Epub 2010 Dec 5.PMID: 21168849 [PubMed - in process]
Trauma-associated acute mesenteric ischemia in a dog.
Hamilton TR, Thacher CW, Forsee KM, Nakamura RK.
J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2010 Dec;20(6):595-600. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00582.x. Epub 2010 Oct 1.PMID: 21166981 [PubMed - in process]
Recent Research & Development for Ruthenium
Imidazolium ionic liquids as promoters and stabilising agents for the preparation of metal(0) nanoparticles by reduction and decomposition of organometallic complexes.
Prechtl MH, Campbell PS, Scholten JD, Fraser GB, Machado G, Santini CC, Dupont J, Chauvin Y.
Nanoscale. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936213 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Excitatory Action of Vasopressin In the Brain of the Rat: Role of cAMP Signaling.
Wrobel LJ, Dupré A, Raggenbass M.
Neuroscience. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933582 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Hydride Ion Transfer from Ruthenium(II) Complexes in Water: Kinetics and Mechanism.
Creutz C, Chou MH, Hou H, Muckerman JT.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20931977 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
On the Mechanism of Ruthenium-Catalyzed Formation of Hydrogen from Alcohols: A DFT Study.
Johansson AJ, Zuidema E, Bolm C.
Chemistry. 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20931564 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Synthesis, Characterization, DNA Binding Properties, Fluorescence Studies and Toxic Activity of Cobalt(III) and Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes.
Nagababu P, Shilpa M, Latha JN, Bhatnagar I, Srinivas PN, Kumar YP, Reddy KL, Satyanarayana S.
J Fluoresc. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20931268 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Biophysical Properties of Human Medulloblastoma Cells.
Ernest NJ, Logsdon NJ, McFerrin MB, Sontheimer H, Spiller SE.
J Membr Biol. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20931182 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Mechanistic Insight into Direct Arylations with Ruthenium(II) Carboxylate Catalysts.
Ackermann L, Vicente R, Potukuchi HK, Pirovano V.
Org Lett. 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20929268 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Tertiary Amine Formation from Nitroarenes and Alcohols.
Feng C, Liu Y, Peng S, Shuai Q, Deng G, Li CJ.
Org Lett. 2010 Oct 7. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20929260 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Structural stability and phase transition in OsC and RuC.
Zhao E, Wang J, Wu Z.
J Comput Chem. 2010 Dec;31(16):2883-8.PMID: 20928851 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Structural, electronic, bonding, magnetic, and optical properties of bimetallic [Ru(n)Au(m)](0/+) (n + m ? 3) clusters.
Garbounis DN, Tsipis AC, Tsipis CA.
J Comput Chem. 2010 Dec;31(16):2836-52.PMID: 20928847 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Alkyne insertion into cyclometallated pyrazole and imine complexes of iridium, rhodium and ruthenium; relevance to catalytic formation of carbo- and heterocycles.
Boutadla Y, Davies DL, Al-Duaij O, Fawcett J, Jones RC, Singh K.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20927434 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
"Long-Range" Metal-Ligand Cooperation in H(2) Activation and Ammonia-Promoted Hydride Transfer with a Ruthenium-Acridine Pincer Complex.
Gunanathan C, Gnanaprakasam B, Iron MA, Shimon LJ, Milstein D.
J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20925343 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
CGP-37157 inhibits the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase and activates ryanodine receptor channels in striated muscle.
Neumann JT, Diaz-Sylvester PL, Fleischer S, Copello JA.
Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20923851 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Free ArticleRelated citations
A Fused Donor-Acceptor System Based on an Extended Tetrathiafulvalene and a Ruthenium Complex of Dipyridoquinoxaline.
Chesneau B, Hardouin-Lerouge M, Hudhomme P.
Org Lett. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20923206 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Complex formation between Ru(?(6)-p-cym)(H(2)O)(3)](2+) and (O,O) donor ligands with biological relevance in aqueous solution.
Bíró L, Farkas E, Buglyó P.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922244 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Differential sensitivity of Ca2+ wave and Ca2+ spark events to ruthenium red in isolated permeabilised rabbit cardiomyocytes.
Macquaide N, Ramay HR, Sobie EA, Smith GL.
J Physiol. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20921197 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
17.
Redox modulation of diaphragm contractility: Interaction between DHPR and RyR channels.
Lawler JM, Kim JH, Kwak HB, Barnes WS.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20920578 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Thiophenolato-bridged dinuclear arene ruthenium complexes: a new family of highly cytotoxic anticancer agents.
Gras M, Therrien B, Süss-Fink G, Zava O, Dyson PJ.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20890536 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Novel ruthenium(ii) complexes with substituted 1,10-phenanthroline or 4,5-diazafluorene linked to a fullerene as highly active second order NLO chromophores.
Valore A, Balordi M, Colombo A, Dragonetti C, Righetto S, Roberto D, Ugo R, Benincori T, Rampinini G, Sannicolò F, Demartin F.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20890535 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Amperometric microsensor for direct probing of ascorbic acid in human gastric juice.
Hutton EA, Pauliukaite R, Hocevar SB, Ogorevc B, Smyth MR.
Anal Chim Acta. 2010 Sep 30;678(2):176-82. Epub 2010 Sep 18.PMID: 20888449 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of a carbon-carbon triple bond: facile syntheses of alkenyl 1,2-diketones from alkynes.
Hu TC, Hsiao PI, Wang TH, Yang YW, Chang CY, Wu YH, Sun WC, Yu MS, Lee CY, Lo YH.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22015646
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Deactivation Pathways for Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States of Ru Polypyridyl Complexes with Triphenylphosphine as a Ligand.
Litke SV, Ershov AY, Meyer TJ.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22013947
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chirality on the Non-Intercalated Part Dictates the Stereoselectivity for Threading Intercalation of Short Binuclear Ruthenium Complexes.
Andersson J, Lincoln P.
J Phys Chem B. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22010604
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Formation of Sequence-Independent Z-DNA Induced by a Ruthenium Complex at Low Salt Concentrations.
Wu Z, Tian T, Yu J, Weng X, Liu Y, Zhou X.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Oct 18. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104422. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
22009837
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Stimulation of kainate toxicity by zinc in cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the role of mitochondria in this process.
Lozier ER, Stelmashook EV, Uzbekov RE, Novikova SV, Zorov SD, Alieva IB, Arbeille B, Zorov DB, Isaev NK.
Toxicol Lett. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22008730
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
HOCl causes necrotic cell death in human monocyte derived macrophages through calcium dependent calpain activation.
Yang YT, Whiteman M, Gieseg SP.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22008466
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Small molecule positive allosteric modulation of TRPV1 activation by vanilloids and acidic pH.
Kaszas K, Keller JM, Coddou CA, Mishra SK, Hoon MA, Stojilkovic S, Jacobson KA, Iadarola MJ.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22005042
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A New Class of Cyclometalated Ruthenium Sensitizers of the Type CN^N for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
Kim JJ, Choi H, Paek S, Kim C, Lim K, Ju MJ, Kang HS, Kang MS, Ko J.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22004012
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Water Oxidation by Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes with TPA-Based Ligands.
Radaram B, Ivie JA, Singh WM, Grudzien RM, Reibenspies JH, Webster CE, Zhao X.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21999861
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrocatalytic reduction of CO(2) to CO by polypyridyl ruthenium complexes.
Chen Z, Chen C, Weinberg DR, Kang P, Concepcion JJ, Harrison DP, Brookhart MS, Meyer TJ.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21998823
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Role of thromboxane A2-activated nonselective cation channels in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction of rat.
Yoo HY, Park SJ, Seo EY, Park KS, Han JA, Kim KS, Shin DH, Earm YE, Zhang YH, Kim SJ.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21998141
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of substituent of terpyridines on the DNA-interaction of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes.
Patel MN, Gandhi DS, Parmar PA.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21996589
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Concise Formal Synthesis of (+)-Neopeltolide.
Yang Z, Zhang B, Zhao G, Yang J, Xie X, She X.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21995677
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
(2)H NMR calculations on polynuclear transition metal complexes: on the influence of local symmetry and other factors.
Del Rosal I, Gutmann T, Walaszek B, Gerber IC, Chaudret B, Limbach HH, Buntkowsky G, Poteau R.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21993614
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from cellulose hydrolysate in Escherichia coli LS5218 with superior resistance to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
Nduko JM, Suzuki W, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi H, Ooi T, Fukuoka A, Taguchi S.
J Biosci Bioeng. 2011 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21993429
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Photocurrent-Enhancement by Surface Plasmon Resonance of Silver Nanoparticles in Highly Porous Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
Jeong NC, Prasittichai C, Hupp J.
Langmuir. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21992773
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of a-Amino Acid Amides: Ruthenium-Catalyzed Amination of a-Hydroxy Amides.
Zhang M, Imm S, Bähn S, Neumann H, Beller M.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Oct 10. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104309. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21987500
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ruthenium nitrosyl complexes with 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 2-phenylazopyridine (pap) coligands. Electronic structure and reactivity aspects.
De P, Maji S, Dutta Chowdhury A, Mobin SM, Kumar Mondal T, Paretzki A, Lahiri GK.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21986798
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Regulation of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ leak by Cytosolic Ca2+ in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes.
Bovo E, Mazurek SR, Blatter LA, Zima AV.
J Physiol. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21986204
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Polydentate Analogues of 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Their Complexes with Ruthenium.
El Ojaimi M, Thummel RP.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21985103
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Barium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Barium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 6s2. In its elemental form barium's CAS number is 7440-39-3. The barium atom has a radius of 217.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Barium powder can ignite spontaneously in air and when Barium compounds are water or acid soluble, they are very poisonous. Barium sulfate which is used in x-ray imaging, is highly insoluble in water, and consequently completely removed from the digestive tract. Barium is a member of the
alkaline-earth metals. It has technical applications in glass, electronics and medicine. It is also 
used in paints and colorants. Electronic coatings based on barium titanate are essential to cell phones and other microelectronics. It has long been used in medical diagnostic techniques because it makes a good x-ray contrast medium. Barium is a dopant in various fluorescent lamp coating formulas. Barium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Barium research below. 
Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Ruthenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is very toxic and Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered carcinogen. Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant 
electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a
hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmium sulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia. See Ruthenium research below. 
