Beryllium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Beryllium is most commonly used in alloys with our base metallic materials. As a 1 - 3% addition to copper it produces "beryllium bronze", a highly wear resistant material and with nickel it is used to make spot welder electrodes. Beryllium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is used as a coating on X-ray tubes because it is transparent to the X-ray range. It emits neutrons on bombardment by alpha rays. It also has applications in the nuclear industry.
Beryllium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such usesas optical coatingand thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Beryllium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Beryllium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Beryllium's shells is 2, 2 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s2. In its elemental form beryllium's CAS number is 7440-41-7. The beryllium atom has a radius of 111.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Beryllium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Beryllium was first discovered by Abbé René-Just Hauy in 1798. The origin of the name Beryllium comes from the Greek word 'beryllos' meaning beryl.
 béryllium |
 Beryllium |
 berillio |
 Berílio |
 berilio |
 Beryllium |
Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of beryllium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Be-9 |
9.0121821 |
100 |
The following table shows the abundance of Beryllium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
0.4 ppb |
1 ppb |
| by Atom |
0.3 ppb |
0.1 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for beryllium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Beryllium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for beryllium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
899.51 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1757.12 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
14848.87 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to beryllium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 4 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.57. The thermal conductivity of beryllium is 200 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for beryllium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
9.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
308.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
320.3 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for BerylliumDietary Intake of Metals by the Population of Tarragona County (Catalonia, Spain): Results from a Duplicate Diet Study.
Domingo JL, Perelló G, Giné Bordonaba J.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Nov 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22124862
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Analysis of thomson scattering from nonequilibrium plasmas.
Chapman DA, Gericke DO.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Oct 14;107(16):165004. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
PMID:
22107396
[PubMed - in process]
Discrimination of zeolites and beryllium containing silicates using portable Raman spectroscometric equipment with near-infrared excitation.
Jehlicka J, Vandenabeele P, Edwards HG.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22099060
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Deposition of beryllium-7 in Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Chao JH, Chiu YJ, Lee HP, Lee MC.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2012 Feb;70(2):415-22. Epub 2011 Oct 29.
PMID:
22056921
[PubMed - in process]
Preparation, certification and interlaboratory analysis of workplace air filters spiked with high-fired beryllium oxide.
Oatts TJ, Hicks CE, Adams AR, Brisson MJ, Youmans-McDonald LD, Hoover MD, Ashley K.
J Environ Monit. 2011 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22025111
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Immunotoxicity of 3 chemical forms of beryllium following inhalation exposure.
Muller C, Salehi F, Mazer B, Bouchard M, Adam-Poupart A, Chevalier G, Truchon G, Lambert J, Zayed J.
Int J Toxicol. 2011 Oct;30(5):538-45.
PMID:
22013136
[PubMed - in process]
H(2) Molecules Encapsulated in Extended Be(n) Cluster Cages: Toward Light-Metal Nanofoams for Hydrogen Storage.
Naumkin FY, Wales DJ.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Nov 10;115(44):12105-10. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
PMID:
21999658
[PubMed - in process]
Occupational exposure to beryllium in primary aluminium production.
Skaugset NP, Ellingsen DG, Dahl K, Martinsen I, Jordbekken L, Drabløs PA, Thomassen Y.
J Environ Monit. 2011 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21993554
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The ground-state potential energy function of a beryllium dimer determined using the single-reference coupled-cluster approach.
Koput J.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Dec 7;13(45):20311-7. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
PMID:
21993509
[PubMed - in process]
Beryllium: a paradigm for occupational lung disease and its prevention.
Kreiss K.
Occup Environ Med. 2011 Nov;68(11):787-8. No abstract available.
PMID:
21984591
[PubMed - in process]
Beryllium-specific CD4+ T cells in blood as a biomarker of disease progression.
Martin AK, Mack DG, Falta MT, Mroz MM, Newman LS, Maier LA, Fontenot AP.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov;128(5):1100-6.e1-5. Epub 2011 Sep 23.
PMID:
21943943
[PubMed - in process]
On the stability of Be3: a benchmark complete active space self-consistent field + averaged quadratic coupled cluster study.
Amaro-Estrada JI, Scemama A, Caffarel M, Ramírez-Solís A.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Sep 14;135(10):104311.
PMID:
21932897
[PubMed - in process]
Fast IMRT with narrow high energy scanned photon beams.
Andreassen B, Strååt SJ, Holmberg R, Näfstadius P, Brahme A.
Med Phys. 2011 Aug;38(8):4774-84.
PMID:
21928650
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Solubility and chemistry of materials encountered by beryllium mine and ore extraction workers: relation to risk.
Deubner DC, Sabey P, Huang W, Fernandez D, Rudd A, Johnson WP, Storrs J, Larson R.
J Occup Environ Med. 2011 Oct;53(10):1187-93.
PMID:
21926919
[PubMed - in process]
Air toxics exposure from vehicle emissions at a U.S. border crossing: Buffalo Peace Bridge Study.
Spengler J, Lwebuga-Mukasa J, Vallarino J, Melly S, Chillrud S, Baker J, Minegishi T.
Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2011 Jul;(158):5-132.
PMID:
21913504
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
An independent review and prioritization of past radionuclide and chemical releases from the Los Alamos National Laboratory - implications for future dose reconstruction studies.
Le MH, Buddenbaum JE, Burns RE Jr, Shonka JJ, Gaffney SH, Donovan EP, Flack SM, Widner TE.
J Environ Monit. 2011 Oct 4;13(10):2735-47. Epub 2011 Sep 9.
PMID:
21904770
[PubMed - in process]
Tritium plasma experiment: parameters and potentials for fusion plasma-wall interaction studies.
Shimada M, Kolasinski RD, Sharpe JP, Causey RA.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Aug;82(8):083503.
PMID:
21895244
[PubMed - in process]
Fluorescence "Turn-On" chemosensor for the selective detection of beryllium.
Hosseini M, Vaezi Z, Ganjali MR, Faridbod F, Abkenar SD.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Dec;83(1):161-4. Epub 2011 Aug 18.
PMID:
21890399
[PubMed - in process]
Vertical migration of radionuclides in the vicinity of the chernobyl confinement shelter.
Bondarkov MD, Zheltonozhsky VA, Zheltonozhskaya MV, Kulich NV, Maksimenko AM, Farfán EB, Jannik GT, Marra JC.
Health Phys. 2011 Oct;101(4):362-7.
PMID:
21878761
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Sensitization and chronic beryllium disease at a primary manufacturing facility, part 3: exposure-response among short-term workers.
Schuler CR, Virji MA, Deubner DC, Stanton ML, Stefaniak AB, Day GA, Park JY, Kent MS, Sparks R, Kreiss K.
Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011 Aug 29. pii: 3192. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3192. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21877099
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher] |
|
