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Bismuth
Bismuth information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Bismuth is the most diamagnetic of all metals, and the thermal conductivity is lower than any metal, except mercury . It has a high electrical resistance, and has the highest Hall Effect of any metal (i.e., greatest increase in electrical resistance when placed in a magnetic field). Bismuth expands on solidification. This property makes bismuth alloys particularly suited to the making of sharp castings of objects subject to damage by high temperatures. With other metals such as tin, cadmium , etc., bismuth forms low-melting alloys which are extensively used for safety devices in fire detection and extinguishing systems. Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. When bismuth is heated in air it burns with a blue flame, forming yellow fumes of the oxide. The metal is also used as a thermocoupling material, and has found application as a carrier for 235 U or 233 U fuel in nuclear reactors. Its soluble salts are characterized by forming unsoluble basic salts on the addition of water, a property sometimes used in detection work. Bismuth oxychloride is used extensively in cosmetics. Bismuth nitrate and carbonate are used in medicine. Bismuth is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.   Bismuth is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys).

Bismuth facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


(click on an element)
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Bismuth is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Bismuth is a Block P, Group 15, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3. In its elemental form bismuth's CAS number is 7440-69-9. The bismuth atom has a radius of 154.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Bismuth compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Bismuth was first discovered by Early Man.

French Bismuth German Bismut Italian Bismuto Portuguese Bismuto Spanish Bismuto Swedish Vismut

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of bismuth and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Bi-209
208.980383
100

Safety Data. The safety data for bismuth metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for bismuth (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
702.96 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1610.35 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
2466.18 kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to bismuth's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 106.8 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.9. The thermal conductivity of bismuth is 7.87 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for bismuth are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
10.48 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
179.1 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
207.36 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Bi 83 208.9804 g.mol -1 1.9 9.80 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 271 °C 1420 °C 200.pm 0.074 nm (+5) ; 0.120 (+3) 702.96 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Bismuth

  • Microwave assisted facile synthesis of {1/1,3-bis/1,3,5-tris-[(2-nitroxyethylnitramino)-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene]} using bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as an eco-friendly nitrating agent. J Hazard Mater. 2008 Apr 1;152(2):820-5. Epub 2007 Jul 21.

  • Doubly bonded systems between heavier Group 15 elements. Dalton Trans. 2008 Mar 21;(11):1395-408. Epub 2007 Nov 14.

  • Surface characterization of platinum electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2008 Mar 14;10(10):1359-73. Epub 2007 Oct 25.

  • In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation of the Growth of Bismuth Oxide Whiskers. Microsc Microanal. 2008 Mar 3;:1-7 [Epub ahead of print]

  • Inhomogeneous Broadening, Luminescence Origin and Optical Amplification in Bismuth-Doped Glass. J Phys Chem A. 2008 Mar 1; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Identification of Bismuth-Thiolate-Carboxylate Clusters by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Inorg Chem. 2008 Feb 23; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Characterization of hydration products of mineral trioxide aggregate. Int Endod J. 2008 Feb 20; [Epub ahead of print]

  • Empirical rescue therapy after Helicobacter pylori treatment failure: a 10-year single-centre study of 500 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb 15;27(4):346-54. Epub 2007 Nov 12.

  • Bismuth dimercaptopropanol (BisBAL) inhibits the expression of extracellular polysaccharides and proteins by Brevundimonas diminuta: implications for membrane microfiltration. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2008 Feb 15;99(3):634-43.

  • Systematic review: prevention of travelers' diarrhea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb 14; [Epub ahead of print]

  • A spectroelectrochemical approach to the electrodeposition of bismuth film electrodes and their use in stripping analysis. Anal Chim Acta. 2008 Feb 11;608(2):140-6. Epub 2007 Dec 28.

  • Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Hyperbranched Monoclinic Bismuth Vanadate and its Applications in Photocatalysis, Gas Sensing, and Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chemistry. 2008 Feb 8;14(5):1601-1606.

  • Adsorptive effects of di-tri-octahedral smectite on Clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies. Am J Vet Res. 2008 Feb;69(2):233-9.

  • Avoidance of BIPP allergy hypersensitivity reactions following ear surgery. Clin Otolaryngol. 2008 Feb;33(1):32-4.

  • The physical properties of accelerated Portland cement for endodontic use. Int Endod J. 2008 Feb;41(2):151-7. Epub 2007 Oct 10.

  • Interpretation of the (13)C-urea breath test in the choice of second- and third-line eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol. 2008 Feb;43(2):108-14. Epub 2008 Feb 29.

  • Genotoxicity in primary human peripheral lymphocytes after exposure to radiopacifiers in vitro. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008 Feb;19(2):601-5. Epub 2007 Jul 10.

  • Development of C(60) plasma ion source for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry applications. Rev Sci Instrum. 2008 Feb;79(2):02B309.

  • Evaluation of a commercial radiochromatography module as an arterial blood activity monitor. Phys Med Biol. 2008 Jan 21;53(2):339-51. Epub 2007 Dec 28.

  • Small atomic displacements recorded in bismuth by the optical reflectivity of femtosecond laser-pulse excitations. Phys Rev Lett. 2008 Jan 18;100(2):027404. Epub 2008 Jan 18.

 

 

 

 

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