Calcium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Calcium is a member of the alkaline earth elements. Calcium is an essential metal for living organisms and is non-toxic. Its primary commercial application is in its metallic form as a reducing agent in the production of other metals. In iron and steel production it is added to the melt to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon. The various calcium compounds have wide application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. It is used in small doses in alloys of copper and beryllium. It is used in dietary supplements and food production because it has been shown to improve bone and dental health.
Calcium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film  applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Calcium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Calcium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Calcium's shells is 2, 8, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 4s2. In its elemental form calcium's CAS number is 7440-70-2. The calcium atom has a radius of 197.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Calcium is a reactive, soft metal.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Calcium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Calcium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. The name calcium originates from the Latin word 'calics' meaning lime.
 calcium |
 Calcium |
 calcio |
 Cálcio |
 calcio |
 Kalcium
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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of calcium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Ca-40 |
39.9625911 |
96.94 |
| Ca-42 |
41.9586183 |
0.65 |
| Ca-43 |
42.9587668 |
0.14 |
| Ca-44 |
43.9554811 |
2.09 |
| Ca-46 |
45.953693 |
0.01 |
| Ca-48 |
47.952534 |
0.19 |
The following table shows the abundance of Calcium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
14000000 ppb |
70000 ppb |
| by Atom |
2200000 ppb |
2000 ppb |
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for calcium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Calcium compounds have an essential biological role for all life. Calcium helps form cell walls and bones, and is an important component in the coagulation of blood.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for calcium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
589.83 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1145.46 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
4912.40 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to calcium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 3.91 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1. The thermal conductivity of calcium is 190 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for calcium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
9.33 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
150.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
177.74 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Calcium
Exploration of Synthetic Approaches and Pharmacological Evaluation of PNU-69176E and Its Stereoisomer as 5-HT(2C) Receptor Allosteric Modulators.
Ding C, Bremer NM, Smith TD, Seitz PK, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Zhou J.
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2012 Jul 18;3(7):538-45. Epub 2012 Apr 19.
PMID:
22860223
[PubMed - in process]
Benzothiazepine CGP37157 and Its Isosteric 2'-Methyl Analogue Provide Neuroprotection and Block Cell Calcium Entry.
González-Lafuente L, Egea J, León R, Martínez-Sanz FJ, Monjas L, Perez C, Merino C, García-De Diego AM, Rodríguez-Franco MI, García AG, Villarroya M, López MG, de Los Ríos C.
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2012 Jul 18;3(7):519-29. Epub 2012 Mar 26.
PMID:
22860221
[PubMed - in process]
The ? Opioid Receptor Agonist SNC80 Selectively Activates Heteromeric ?-? Opioid Receptors.
Metcalf MD, Yekkirala AS, Powers MD, Kitto KF, Fairbanks CA, Wilcox GL, Portoghese PS.
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2012 Jul 18;3(7):505-9. Epub 2012 May 22.
PMID:
22860219
[PubMed - in process]
Crystal Structures of the Network-Forming Short-Arm Tips of the Laminin ?1 and ?1 Chains.
Carafoli F, Hussain SA, Hohenester E.
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42473. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
PMID:
22860131
[PubMed - in process]
Sialoglycosylation of RBC in Visceral Leishmaniasis Leads to Enhanced Oxidative Stress, Calpain-Induced Fragmentation of Spectrin and Hemolysis.
Samanta S, Ghoshal A, Bhattacharya K, Saha B, Walden P, Mandal C.
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42361. Epub 2012 Jul 31.
PMID:
22860118
[PubMed - in process]
MMP-9 Cleaves SP-D and Abrogates Its Innate Immune Functions In Vitro.
Bratcher PE, Weathington NM, Nick HJ, Jackson PL, Snelgrove RJ, Gaggar A.
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41881. Epub 2012 Jul 30.
PMID:
22860023
[PubMed - in process]
Induction of RAGE Shedding by Activation of G Protein-Coupled Receptors.
Metz VV, Kojro E, Rat D, Postina R.
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41823. Epub 2012 Jul 30.
PMID:
22860017
[PubMed - in process]
Rapid Changes in Cardiac Myofilament Function following the Acute Activation of Estrogen Receptor-Alpha.
Kulpa J, Chinnappareddy N, Pyle WG.
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e41076. Epub 2012 Jul 30.
PMID:
22859967
[PubMed - in process]
Impact of Global Economic Disparities on Practices and Outcomes of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis in Children: Insights from the International Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Network Registry.
Schaefer F, Borzych-Duzalka D, Azocar M, Munarriz RL, Sever L, Aksu N, Barbosa LS, Galan YS, Xu H, Coccia PA, Szabo A, Wong W, Salim R, Vidal E, Pottoore S, Warady BA; the IPPN investigators.
Perit Dial Int. 2012 Jul;32(4):399-409.
PMID:
22859840
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
E-prostanoid 2 receptors dampen mast cell degranulation via cAMP/PKA-mediated suppression of IgE-dependent signaling.
Serra-Pages M, Olivera A, Torres R, Picado C, de Mora F, Rivera J.
J Leukoc Biol. 2012 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22859831
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Neurexin and Neuroligin Mediate Retrograde Synaptic Inhibition in C. elegans.
Hu Z, Hom S, Kudze T, Tong XJ, Choi S, Aramuni G, Zhang W, Kaplan JM.
Science. 2012 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22859820
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evolution of trees and mycorrhizal fungi intensifies silicate mineral weathering.
Quirk J, Beerling DJ, Banwart SA, Kakonyi G, Romero-Gonzalez ME, Leake JR.
Biol Lett. 2012 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22859556
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reference ranges for laboratory parameters in ferrets.
Hein J, Spreyer F, Sauter-Louis C, Hartmann K.
Vet Rec. 2012 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22859408
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mitochondria-localized caveolin in adaptation to cellular stress and injury.
Fridolfsson HN, Kawaraguchi Y, Ali SS, Panneerselvam M, Niesman IR, Finley JC, Kellerhals SE, Migita MY, Okada H, Moreno AL, Jennings M, Kidd MW, Bonds JA, Balijepalli RC, Ross RS, Patel PM, Miyanohara A, Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ, Head BP, Roth DM, Insel PA, Patel HH.
FASEB J. 2012 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22859372
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effectiveness of magnesium sulfate as initial treatment of acute severe asthma in children, conducted in a tertiary-level university hospital: A randomized, controlled trial.
Torres S, Sticco N, Bosch JJ, Iolster T, Siaba A, Rocca Rivarola M, Schnitzler E.
Arch Argent Pediatr. 2012 Aug;110(4):291-6. English, Spanish.
PMID:
22859321
[PubMed - in process]
Formyl peptide receptors from immune and vomeronasal system exhibit distinct agonist properties.
Bufe B, Schumann T, Zufall F.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22859307
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) by the alkaline protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Butterworth MB, Zhang L, Heidrich EM, Myerburg MM, Thibodeau PH.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22859302
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
New and emerging concepts in soft tissue fillers: roundtable discussion.
Sundaram H, Flynn T, Cassuto D, Lorenc ZP.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2012 Aug;11(8):12-25.
PMID:
22859224
[PubMed - in process]
Acute Lumbar Spinal Pseudogout Attack After Instrumented Surgery.
Nagatsuma M, Kubota G, Inoue G, Eguchi Y, Orita S, Takaso M, Ochiai N, Kuniyoshi K, Aoki Y, Ishikawa T, Miyagi M, Kamoda H, Suzuki M, Sakuma Y, Oikawa Y, Inage K, Sainoh T, Yamauchi K, Toyone T, Nakamura J, Kishida S, Takahashi K, Ohtori S.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22858786
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Sealability of MTA and calcium hydroxidecontaining sealers.
Gomes-Filho JE, Moreira JV, Watanabe S, Lodi CS, Cintra LT, Dezan Junior E, Bernabé PF, Nery MJ, Otoboni Filho JA.
J Appl Oral Sci. 2012 Jun;20(3):347-51. |
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