See research below. American Elements specializes in producing Cadmiumas flat irregularly shaped pieces of material in a varying range of sizes. Most flakes/prisms are produced from cast Ingots for use in coating and thin film Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Organometallic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for specific applications such as fuel cells and solar energy. Thickness can range from 0.003" to approximately 2mm for all metals. Some metals can also be rolled down as thin as 0.001” for use as an evaporation source in microelectronics, optics, magnetics, MEMS, and hard resistant coatings. Piece sizes are available up to approximately 7" maximum width. Maximum lengths of about 20" can be obtained with a nominal thickness between about 0.005" and 0.020" for thin film deposition on glass or metal substrates. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Cadmium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Cadmium is a Block D, Group 12, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Cadmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. In its elemental form cadmium's CAS number is 7440-43-9. The cadmium atom has a radius of 148.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 158.pm. Cadmium and its compounds are very toxic. Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F.. cells, for nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color television tubes and CRT monitors. Cadmium in glass and ceramic glazes creates a distinctive cadmium yellow. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Cadmium and its compounds are extremely toxic. Cadmium was first discovered by Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817. See Cadmium research below. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. The name Cadmium originates from the Latin word 'cadmia' and the Greek word 'kadmeia'. See Cadmium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Bullion and bar forms are best if purchasing solely for physical possession and risk exposure.
Gadolinium chloride pretreatment ameliorates acute cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity.
Kyriakou LG, Tzirogiannis KN, Demonakou MD, Kourentzi KT, Mykoniatis MG, Panoutsopoulos GI.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173957
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vitro-cultured wheat spikes provide a simplified alternative for studies of cadmium uptake in developing grains.
Ganeshan S, Leis M, Drinkwater JM, Madsen LT, Jain JC, Chibbar RN.
J Sci Food Agric. 2011 Dec 16. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5540. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of physiological importance of metallothionein protein expressed by Tetrahymena cadmium metallothionein 1 (TMCd1) gene in Escherichia coli.
Suleman A, Shakoori AR.
J Cell Biochem. 2011 Dec 15. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24030. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173614
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of Cadmium (II) Adsorption by Modified Agricultural Wastes.
Al Othman ZA, Hashem A, Habila MA.
Molecules. 2011 Dec 15;16(12):10443-56.
PMID:
22173337
[PubMed - in process]
Photochemical synthesis of N-adamantylhomoallylamines through addition of cyclic olefins to imines catalyzed by alumina grafted cadmium sulfide.
Aldemir M, Heinemann FW, Kisch H.
Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170328
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of the toxic effects of arsenite, chromate, cadmium, and copper using a battery of four bioassays.
Ko KS, Lee PK, Kong IC.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170103
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Glutathione degradation is a key determinant of glutathione homeostasis.
Baudouin-Cornu P, Lagniel G, Kumar C, Huang ME, Labarre J.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170048
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Cacoa and dark chocolate in cardiovascular prevention?].
Belz GG, Mohr-Kahaly S.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2011 Dec;136(51-52):2657-63. Epub 2011 Dec 14. German.
PMID:
22169919
[PubMed - in process]
Do toxic heavy metals affect antioxidant defense mechanisms in humans?
Wieloch M, Kaminski P, Ossowska A, Koim-Puchowska B, Stuczynski T, Kuligowska-Prusinska M, Dymek G, Mankowska A, Odrowaz-Sypniewska G.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22169892
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gender differences for associations between circulating levels of metals and coronary risk in the elderly.
Olsén L, Lind PM, Lind L.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22169700
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Differential toxicity of cadmium to mustard (Brassica juncia L.) genotypes under higher metal levels.
Bauddh K, Singh RP.
J Environ Biol. 2011 May;32(3):355-62.
PMID:
22167949
[PubMed - in process]
[Cd uptake in rice cultivars and Cd fractions in soil treated with organic acids and EDTA].
Zhang HB, Li YR, Xu WH, Chen GQ, Wang HX, Han GQ, Zhang XJ, Xiong ZT, Zhang JZ, Xie DT.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Sep;32(9):2625-31. Chinese.
PMID:
22165231
[PubMed - in process]
Short-term effects of compost amendment on the fractionation of cadmium in soil and cadmium accumulation in rice plants.
Juang KW, Ho PC, Yu CH.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161300
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cadmium a metalloestrogen: are we convinced?
Silva N, Peiris-John R, Wickremasinghe R, Senanayake H, Sathiakumar N.
J Appl Toxicol. 2011 Dec 12. doi: 10.1002/jat.1771. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161274
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Heterologous Expression of a Nelumbo nucifera Phytochelatin Synthase Gene Enhances Cadmium Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Liu Z, Gu C, Chen F, Yang D, Wu K, Chen S, Jiang J, Zhang Z.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Low-affinity cation transporter (OsLCT1) regulates cadmium transport into rice grains.
Uraguchi S, Kamiya T, Sakamoto T, Kasai K, Sato Y, Nagamura Y, Yoshida A, Kyozuka J, Ishikawa S, Fujiwara T.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160725
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Heavy metal contamination in feathers of Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis) and Siberian gull (Larus heuglini) from Hara biosphere reserve of Southern Iran.
Mansouri B, Babaei H, Hoshyari E.
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160473
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments of Beyler Reservoir (Turkey).
Findik O, Turan MA.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160166
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of genotoxic effects of lead in pottery-glaze workers using micronucleus assay, alkaline comet assay and DNA diffusion assay.
Kasuba V, Rozgaj R, Milic M, Zeljezic D, Kopjar N, Pizent A, Kljakovic-Gaspic Z, Jazbec A.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160131
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Two-dimensional assembly of tetrahedral chalcogenide clusters with tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate ligands.
Chen Z, Luo D, Luo X, Kang M, Lin Z.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22159355
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Cadmium is a Block D, Group 12, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Cadmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. In its elemental form cadmium's CAS number is 7440-43-9. The cadmium atom has a radius of 148.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 158.pm. Cadmium and its compounds are very toxic. Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder,
for standard E.M.F.. cells, for nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color television tubes and CRT monitors.
Cadmium in glass and ceramic glazes creates a distinctive cadmium yellow. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Cadmium and its compounds are extremely toxic. Cadmium was first discovered by Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817. See Cadmium research below. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. The name Cadmium originates from the Latin word 'cadmia' and the Greek word 'kadmeia'. See Cadmium research below.
