American Elements specializes in producing high purity uniform shaped Cadmium Selenide Hollow Spheres with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Our standard Slug sizes range from 1/8" x 1/8" to 1/4" x 1/4" and 3 mm diameter. We can also provide Sphere outside this range for ultra high puritythin film applications, such as fuel cells and solar energy layers. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. We also produce Cadmium as rod, ingot, powder, pieces, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Cadmium is a Block D, Group 12, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Cadmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. In its elemental form cadmium's CAS number is 7440-43-9. The cadmium atom has a radius of 148.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 158.pm. Cadmium and its compounds are very toxic. Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F.. cells, for nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color television tubes and CRT monitors. Cadmium in glass and ceramic glazes creates a distinctive cadmium yellow. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Cadmium and its compounds are extremely toxic. Cadmium was first discovered by Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817. See Cadmium research below. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. The name Cadmium originates from the Latin word 'cadmia' and the Greek word 'kadmeia'. See Cadmium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Bullion and bar forms are best if purchasing solely for physical possession and risk exposure.
Gadolinium chloride pretreatment ameliorates acute cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity.
Kyriakou LG, Tzirogiannis KN, Demonakou MD, Kourentzi KT, Mykoniatis MG, Panoutsopoulos GI.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173957
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vitro-cultured wheat spikes provide a simplified alternative for studies of cadmium uptake in developing grains.
Ganeshan S, Leis M, Drinkwater JM, Madsen LT, Jain JC, Chibbar RN.
J Sci Food Agric. 2011 Dec 16. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5540. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of physiological importance of metallothionein protein expressed by Tetrahymena cadmium metallothionein 1 (TMCd1) gene in Escherichia coli.
Suleman A, Shakoori AR.
J Cell Biochem. 2011 Dec 15. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24030. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173614
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of Cadmium (II) Adsorption by Modified Agricultural Wastes.
Al Othman ZA, Hashem A, Habila MA.
Molecules. 2011 Dec 15;16(12):10443-56.
PMID:
22173337
[PubMed - in process]
Photochemical synthesis of N-adamantylhomoallylamines through addition of cyclic olefins to imines catalyzed by alumina grafted cadmium sulfide.
Aldemir M, Heinemann FW, Kisch H.
Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170328
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of the toxic effects of arsenite, chromate, cadmium, and copper using a battery of four bioassays.
Ko KS, Lee PK, Kong IC.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170103
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Glutathione degradation is a key determinant of glutathione homeostasis.
Baudouin-Cornu P, Lagniel G, Kumar C, Huang ME, Labarre J.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170048
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Cacoa and dark chocolate in cardiovascular prevention?].
Belz GG, Mohr-Kahaly S.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2011 Dec;136(51-52):2657-63. Epub 2011 Dec 14. German.
PMID:
22169919
[PubMed - in process]
Do toxic heavy metals affect antioxidant defense mechanisms in humans?
Wieloch M, Kaminski P, Ossowska A, Koim-Puchowska B, Stuczynski T, Kuligowska-Prusinska M, Dymek G, Mankowska A, Odrowaz-Sypniewska G.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22169892
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gender differences for associations between circulating levels of metals and coronary risk in the elderly.
Olsén L, Lind PM, Lind L.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22169700
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Differential toxicity of cadmium to mustard (Brassica juncia L.) genotypes under higher metal levels.
Bauddh K, Singh RP.
J Environ Biol. 2011 May;32(3):355-62.
PMID:
22167949
[PubMed - in process]
[Cd uptake in rice cultivars and Cd fractions in soil treated with organic acids and EDTA].
Zhang HB, Li YR, Xu WH, Chen GQ, Wang HX, Han GQ, Zhang XJ, Xiong ZT, Zhang JZ, Xie DT.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Sep;32(9):2625-31. Chinese.
PMID:
22165231
[PubMed - in process]
Short-term effects of compost amendment on the fractionation of cadmium in soil and cadmium accumulation in rice plants.
Juang KW, Ho PC, Yu CH.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161300
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cadmium a metalloestrogen: are we convinced?
Silva N, Peiris-John R, Wickremasinghe R, Senanayake H, Sathiakumar N.
J Appl Toxicol. 2011 Dec 12. doi: 10.1002/jat.1771. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161274
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Heterologous Expression of a Nelumbo nucifera Phytochelatin Synthase Gene Enhances Cadmium Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Liu Z, Gu C, Chen F, Yang D, Wu K, Chen S, Jiang J, Zhang Z.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Low-affinity cation transporter (OsLCT1) regulates cadmium transport into rice grains.
Uraguchi S, Kamiya T, Sakamoto T, Kasai K, Sato Y, Nagamura Y, Yoshida A, Kyozuka J, Ishikawa S, Fujiwara T.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160725
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Heavy metal contamination in feathers of Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis) and Siberian gull (Larus heuglini) from Hara biosphere reserve of Southern Iran.
Mansouri B, Babaei H, Hoshyari E.
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160473
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments of Beyler Reservoir (Turkey).
Findik O, Turan MA.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160166
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of genotoxic effects of lead in pottery-glaze workers using micronucleus assay, alkaline comet assay and DNA diffusion assay.
Kasuba V, Rozgaj R, Milic M, Zeljezic D, Kopjar N, Pizent A, Kljakovic-Gaspic Z, Jazbec A.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160131
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Two-dimensional assembly of tetrahedral chalcogenide clusters with tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate ligands.
Chen Z, Luo D, Luo X, Kang M, Lin Z.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22159355
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Toenail selenium status and the risk of Barrett's esophagus: the Netherlands Cohort Study.
Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Driessen AL, Huysentruyt CJ, Keulemans YC, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA.
Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936529 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Promotion of Growth in Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) by Selenium is Associated with Stimulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism.
Malik JA, Kumar S, Thakur P, Sharma S, Kaur N, Kaur R, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, Singh K, Srivastava A, Nayyar H.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Transition metal chemistry of cyclodiphosphanes containing phosphine and amide-phosphine functionalities: Formation of a stable dipalladium(II) complex containing a Pd-P s-bond.
Balakrishna MS, Venkateswaran R, Mague JT.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Associations between blood metals and fecundity among women residing in New York State.
Bloom MS, Louis GM, Sundaram R, Kostyniak PJ, Jain J.
Reprod Toxicol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
The protective role of selenium in recalcitrant Acer saccharium L. seeds subjected to desiccation.
Pukacka S, Ratajczak E, Kalemba E.
J Plant Physiol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933296 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia.
Ikonomopoulou MP, Olszowy H, Limpus C, Francis R, Whittier J.
Mar Environ Res. 2010 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933265 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Correlation between serum selenium level and febrile seizures.
Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Fallahi M, Javadi A.
Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Nov;43(5):331-4.PMID: 20933176 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Anti-Tumor Activity of Aloe vera Against DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Mice.
Saini M, Goyal PK, Chaudhary G.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2010;29(2):127-35.PMID: 20932247 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Aluminosilicate Relatives: Chalcogenoaluminogermanates Rb(3)(AlQ(2))(3)(GeQ(2))(7) (Q = S, Se).
Rothenberger A, Shafaei-Fallah M, Kanatzidis MG.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20932019 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Nutrient Approach to Prostate Cancer Prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
Dunn BK, Richmond ES, Minasian LM, Ryan AM, Ford LG.
Nutr Cancer. 2010 Oct;62(7):896-918.PMID: 20924966 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy.
Franca CA, Nogueira CR, Ramalho A, Carvalho AC, Vieira SL, Penna AB.
Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20924074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Kenji Soda--researching enzymes with the spirit of an alpinist.
Yoshimura T, Mihara H, Ohshima T, Tanizawa K.
J Biochem. 2010 Oct;148(4):371-9.PMID: 20924059 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Inhibitory effect of arsenic on aerobic gut flora in rat.
Choudhry ZK, Misbahuddin M, Hosain AK, Saleh AA.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2009 Dec;35(3):79-83.PMID: 20922909 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
[Endemic and biogeochemical features of the territory of Chuvash Republic]
[No authors listed]
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2010;(8):40-6. Russian. PMID: 20922843 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Interaction of uranyl with Se(IV) and Se(VI) in aqueous acid solutions by means of capillary electrophoresis.
Sladkov V.
Electrophoresis. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922762 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Ensemble Modeling Coupled with Six Element Concentrations in Human Blood for Cancer Diagnosis.
Chen H, Tan C, Wu T.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922500 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Use of dietary vitamin E and selenium (Se) to increase the shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged light lamb meat.
Ripoll G, Joy M, Muñoz F.
Meat Sci. 2010 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20920835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Impacts of maternal selenium and nutritional level on growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in female offspring in sheep.
Vonnahme KA, Luther JS, Reynolds LP, Hammer CJ, Carlson DB, Redmer DA, Caton JS.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2010 Nov;39(4):240-8. Epub 2010 Jul 25.PMID: 20920781 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Mutations disrupting selenocysteine formation cause progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy.
Agamy O, Ben Zeev B, Lev D, Marcus B, Fine D, Su D, Narkis G, Ofir R, Hoffmann C, Leshinsky-Silver E, Flusser H, Sivan S, Söll D, Lerman-Sagie T, Birk OS.
Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Oct 8;87(4):538-44.PMID: 20920667 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Developmental toxicity of selenium to Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma).
McDonald BG, Debruyn AM, Elphick JR, Davies M, Bustard D, Chapman PM.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20891017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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American Elements specializes in producing high purity uniform shaped Cadmium Selenide Hollow Spheres with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Our standard Slug sizes range from 1/8" x 1/8" to 1/4" x 1/4" and 3 mm diameter. We can also provide Sphere outside this range for ultra high purity thin film applications, such as fuel cells and solar energy layers. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. We also produce Cadmium as rod, ingot, powder, pieces, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Cadmium is a Block D, Group 12, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Cadmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. In its elemental form cadmium's CAS number is 7440-43-9. The cadmium atom has a radius of 148.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 158.pm. Cadmium and its compounds are very toxic. Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder,
for standard E.M.F.. cells, for nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color television tubes and CRT monitors.
Cadmium in glass and ceramic glazes creates a distinctive cadmium yellow. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Cadmium and its compounds are extremely toxic. Cadmium was first discovered by Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817. See Cadmium research below. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. The name Cadmium originates from the Latin word 'cadmia' and the Greek word 'kadmeia'. See Cadmium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
