American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Cadmium Tin Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Cadmium as rod, ingot, powder, pieces, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Cadmium is a Block D, Group 12, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Cadmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. In its elemental form cadmium's CAS number is 7440-43-9. The cadmium atom has a radius of 148.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 158.pm. Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder, for standard E.M.F.. cells, for nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color television tubes and CRT monitors. Cadmium in glass and ceramic glazes creates a distinctive cadmium yellow. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Cadmium and its compounds are extremely toxic. Cadmium was first discovered by Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817. See Cadmium research below. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. The name Cadmium originates from the Latin word 'cadmia' and the Greek word 'kadmeia'. See Cadmium research below.
Tin is a Block P, Group 14, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tin's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2. In its elemental form tin's CAS number is 7440-31-5. The tin atom has a radius of 140.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 217.pm. Organometallic compounds of tin are very toxic and tin salts are also considered to be toxic. Tin as single atoms or molecules are not toxic. Tin compounds sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface. Crystalline tin-niobium alloy is superconductive at very low temperatures. This promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Tin is the basis for many eutectic alloys and the discovery by early man that copper could be better formed and crafted if tin were added producing the first bronze and launching what we refer to as the "Bronze Age" and the first Neolithic metal tools, cooking utensils, and jewelry produced from rudimentary bronze. An important tin compound is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Tin was first discovered by Early Man.The origin of the word tin comes from the Latin word Stannum which translates to the Anglo-Saxon word tin.
See Tin research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Gadolinium chloride pretreatment ameliorates acute cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity.
Kyriakou LG, Tzirogiannis KN, Demonakou MD, Kourentzi KT, Mykoniatis MG, Panoutsopoulos GI.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173957
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vitro-cultured wheat spikes provide a simplified alternative for studies of cadmium uptake in developing grains.
Ganeshan S, Leis M, Drinkwater JM, Madsen LT, Jain JC, Chibbar RN.
J Sci Food Agric. 2011 Dec 16. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.5540. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of physiological importance of metallothionein protein expressed by Tetrahymena cadmium metallothionein 1 (TMCd1) gene in Escherichia coli.
Suleman A, Shakoori AR.
J Cell Biochem. 2011 Dec 15. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24030. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22173614
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies of Cadmium (II) Adsorption by Modified Agricultural Wastes.
Al Othman ZA, Hashem A, Habila MA.
Molecules. 2011 Dec 15;16(12):10443-56.
PMID:
22173337
[PubMed - in process]
Photochemical synthesis of N-adamantylhomoallylamines through addition of cyclic olefins to imines catalyzed by alumina grafted cadmium sulfide.
Aldemir M, Heinemann FW, Kisch H.
Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170328
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of the toxic effects of arsenite, chromate, cadmium, and copper using a battery of four bioassays.
Ko KS, Lee PK, Kong IC.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170103
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Glutathione degradation is a key determinant of glutathione homeostasis.
Baudouin-Cornu P, Lagniel G, Kumar C, Huang ME, Labarre J.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22170048
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Cacoa and dark chocolate in cardiovascular prevention?].
Belz GG, Mohr-Kahaly S.
Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2011 Dec;136(51-52):2657-63. Epub 2011 Dec 14. German.
PMID:
22169919
[PubMed - in process]
Do toxic heavy metals affect antioxidant defense mechanisms in humans?
Wieloch M, Kaminski P, Ossowska A, Koim-Puchowska B, Stuczynski T, Kuligowska-Prusinska M, Dymek G, Mankowska A, Odrowaz-Sypniewska G.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22169892
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gender differences for associations between circulating levels of metals and coronary risk in the elderly.
Olsén L, Lind PM, Lind L.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22169700
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Differential toxicity of cadmium to mustard (Brassica juncia L.) genotypes under higher metal levels.
Bauddh K, Singh RP.
J Environ Biol. 2011 May;32(3):355-62.
PMID:
22167949
[PubMed - in process]
[Cd uptake in rice cultivars and Cd fractions in soil treated with organic acids and EDTA].
Zhang HB, Li YR, Xu WH, Chen GQ, Wang HX, Han GQ, Zhang XJ, Xiong ZT, Zhang JZ, Xie DT.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Sep;32(9):2625-31. Chinese.
PMID:
22165231
[PubMed - in process]
Short-term effects of compost amendment on the fractionation of cadmium in soil and cadmium accumulation in rice plants.
Juang KW, Ho PC, Yu CH.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161300
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cadmium a metalloestrogen: are we convinced?
Silva N, Peiris-John R, Wickremasinghe R, Senanayake H, Sathiakumar N.
J Appl Toxicol. 2011 Dec 12. doi: 10.1002/jat.1771. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161274
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Heterologous Expression of a Nelumbo nucifera Phytochelatin Synthase Gene Enhances Cadmium Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Liu Z, Gu C, Chen F, Yang D, Wu K, Chen S, Jiang J, Zhang Z.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Low-affinity cation transporter (OsLCT1) regulates cadmium transport into rice grains.
Uraguchi S, Kamiya T, Sakamoto T, Kasai K, Sato Y, Nagamura Y, Yoshida A, Kyozuka J, Ishikawa S, Fujiwara T.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160725
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Heavy metal contamination in feathers of Western Reef Heron (Egretta gularis) and Siberian gull (Larus heuglini) from Hara biosphere reserve of Southern Iran.
Mansouri B, Babaei H, Hoshyari E.
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160473
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal Concentrations in Surface Sediments of Beyler Reservoir (Turkey).
Findik O, Turan MA.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160166
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evaluation of genotoxic effects of lead in pottery-glaze workers using micronucleus assay, alkaline comet assay and DNA diffusion assay.
Kasuba V, Rozgaj R, Milic M, Zeljezic D, Kopjar N, Pizent A, Kljakovic-Gaspic Z, Jazbec A.
Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22160131
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Two-dimensional assembly of tetrahedral chalcogenide clusters with tetrakis(imidazolyl)borate ligands.
Chen Z, Luo D, Luo X, Kang M, Lin Z.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22159355
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Tin
Efficient Dielectrophoretic Patterning of Embryonic Stem Cells in Energy Landscapes Defined by Hydrogel Geometries.
Tsutsui H, Yu E, Marquina S, Valamehr B, Wong I, Wu H, Ho CM.
Ann Biomed Eng. 2010 Jul 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20614250 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Prevention by lansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, of indomethacin -induced small intestinal ulceration in rats through induction of heme oxygenase-1.
Yoda Y, Amagase K, Kato S, Tokioka S, Murano M, Kakimoto K, Nishio H, Umegaki E, Takeuchi K, Higuchi K.
J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;61(3):287-94.
PMID: 20610858 [PubMed - in process]Free Article
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Kit formulation for (99m)Tc-labeling of recombinant anti-HER2 Affibody molecules with a C-terminally engineered cysteine.
Ahlgren S, Andersson K, Tolmachev V.
Nucl Med Biol. 2010 Jul;37(5):539-546. Epub 2010 Apr 8.
PMID: 20610158 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Analytical method for tributyltin and triphenyltin contained in household products-preparing for the revision of authorized analytical method-.
Nakashima H, Tomiyama K, Kawakami T, Isama K.
Yakugaku Zasshi. 2010 Jul;130(7):945-54.
PMID: 20606374 [PubMed - in process]Free Article
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K2ScSn(AsO4)3: an arsenate-containing langbeinite.
Harrison WT.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2010 Jul;66(Pt 7):i82-4. Epub 2010 Jun 17.
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Sofalcone, a Gastric Mucosa Protective Agent, Increases Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor via the Nrf-2-Heme-Oxygenase-1 Dependent Pathway in Gastric Epithelial Cells.
Shibuya A, Onda K, Kawahara H, Uchiyama Y, Nakayama H, Omi T, Nagaoka M, Matsui H, Hirano T.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20599750 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Seo WY, Ju SM, Song HY, Goh AR, Jun JG, Kang YH, Choi SY, Park J.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010 Jun 17. [Epub ahead of print]
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Lee CH, Lee SW, Lee SS.
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Tin Oxide Nanorod Array-Based Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor.
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Nanoscale Res Lett. 2010 May 11;5(7):1177-1181.
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and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Cadmium as rod, ingot, powder, pieces, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Cadmium is a Block D, Group 12, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Cadmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2. In its elemental form cadmium's CAS number is 7440-43-9. The cadmium atom has a radius of 148.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 158.pm. Cadmium is a component of some of the lowest melting alloys; it is used in bearing alloys with low coefficients of friction and great resistance to fatigue. Cadmium is used extensively in electroplating, which accounts for about 60% of its use. It is also used in many types of solder,
for standard E.M.F.. cells, for nickel-cadmium batteries, and as a barrier to control nuclear fission. Cadmium compounds are used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color television tubes and CRT monitors.
Cadmium in glass and ceramic glazes creates a distinctive cadmium yellow. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Cadmium and its compounds are extremely toxic. Cadmium was first discovered by Fredrich Stromeyer in 1817. See Cadmium research below. It forms a number of compounds, of which the sulfate is most common; the sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium is similar to carbon in that it has a capacity to form stable covalently bonded molecular networks. The name Cadmium originates from the Latin word 'cadmia' and the Greek word 'kadmeia'. See Cadmium research below. 
Tin is a Block P, Group 14, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Tin's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2. In its elemental form tin's CAS number is 7440-31-5. The tin atom has a radius of 140.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 217.pm. Organometallic compounds of tin are very toxic and tin salts are also considered to be toxic. Tin as single atoms or molecules are not toxic. Tin compounds sprayed onto glass are used to produce electrically conductive coatings. These have been used for panel lighting and for frost-free windshields. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass) to produce a flat surface. Crystalline tin-niobium alloy is superconductive at very low temperatures. This 
promises to be important in the construction of superconductive magnets 
that generate enormous field strengths but use practically no power. Tin is the basis for many eutectic alloys and the discovery by early man that copper could be better formed and crafted if tin were added producing the first bronze and launching what we refer to as the "Bronze Age" and the first Neolithic metal tools, cooking utensils, and jewelry produced from rudimentary bronze. An important tin compound is the chloride, which is used as a reducing agent and as a mordant in calico printing. Tin is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Tin was first discovered by Early Man.The origin of the word tin comes from the Latin word Stannum which translates to the Anglo-Saxon word tin.
See Tin research below.
