Cerium Oxide, Calcium doped Nanopowder powders and dispersions are inorganic cerium-oxide nanoparticles with unique polishing and Ultra-Violet attenuating properties. C-MITE-A™ products are uncoated and hydrophilic. C-MITE-O™ products are coated with an organic silane (1-4%) and are hydrophobic. Particles are available in the size range of 10-200 nm. They are also available as a nanofluid through the AE Nanofluid production group. Nanofluids are generally defined as suspended nanoparticles in solution either using surfactant or surface charge technology. Nanofluid dispersion and coating selection technical guidance is also available. Other nanostructures include nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, nanopyramids and other nanocomposites. Surface functionalized nanoparticles allow for the particles to be preferentially adsorbed at the surface interface using chemically bound polymers.
Development research is underway in Nano Electronics and Photonics materials, such as MEMS and NEMS, Bio Nano Materials, such as Biomarkers, Bio Diagnostics & Bio Sensors, and Related Nano Materials, for use in Polymers, Textiles, Fuel Cell Layers, Composites and Solar Energy materials. Nanopowders are analyzed for chemical composition by ICP, particle size distribution (PSD) by laser diffraction, and for Specific Surface Area (SSA) by BET multi-point correlation techniques. Novel nanotechnology applications also include Quantum Dots. High surface areas can also be achieved using solutions and using thin film by sputtering targets and evaporation technology using pellets, rod and foil.. For technical, research and safety information for C-MITE™ or for more information on nanotechnology, please contact our customer service department.
Cerium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Cerium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f2 6s2. In its elemental form cerium's CAS number is 7440-45-1. The cerium atom has a radius of 182.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 181.pm. Cerium is moderately toxic. Cerium is one of the products manufactured and distributed under the tradename AE Rare Earths. Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earths metals. It is characterized chemically by having two valence states , the +3 cerous and +4 ceric states. The ceric state is the only non-trivalent rare earth ion stable in aqueoussolutions.It is, therefore, strongly acidic and moderately toxic. It is also a strong oxidizer.The cerous state closely resembles the other trivalent rare earths. The numerous commercial applications for cerium include metallurgy, glass and glass polishing, ceramics, catalysts, as the electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells when doped with yttrium, gadolinium or samarium and in phosphors. In steel manufacturing it is used to remove free oxygen and sulfur by forming stable oxysulfides and by tying up undesirable trace elements, such as lead and antimony. It is considered to be the most efficient glass polishing agent for precision optical polishing. It is also used to decolor glass by keeping iron in its ferrous state. The ability of cerium-doped glass to block out ultra violet light is utilized in the manufacturing of medical glassware and aerospace windows. It is also used to prevent polymers from darkening in sunlight and to suppress discoloration of television glass.
Cerium was first discovered by W. von Hisinger in 1903. The element was named after the asteroid Ceres. See Cerium research below.
Calcium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Calcium's shells is 2, 8, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 4s2. In its elemental form calcium's CAS number is 7440-70-2. The calcium atom has a radius of 197.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Calcium is a reactive, soft metal. Calcium is a member of the alkaline earth elements. Calcium is an essential metal for living organisms and is non-toxic. Its primary commercial application is in its metallic form as a reducing agent in the production of other metals. In iron and steel production it is added to the melt to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon. The various calcium compounds have wide application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. It is used in small doses in alloys of copper and beryllium. It is used in dietary supplements and food production because it has been shown to improve bone and dental health. Calcium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Calcium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. The name calcium originates from the Latin word 'calics' meaning lime. See Calcium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Combined cytotoxic and anti-invasive properties of redox-active nanoparticles in tumor-stroma interactions.
Alili L, Sack M, Karakoti AS, Teuber S, Puschmann K, Hirst SM, Reilly CM, Zanger K, Stahl W, Das S, Seal S, Brenneisen P.
Biomaterials. 2011 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21269688 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Two-Phase Synthesis of Colloidal Annular-Shaped Ce(x)La(1-x)CO(3)OH Nanoarchitectures Assemblied from Small Particles and Their Thermal Conversion to Derived Mixed Oxides.
Nguyen TD, Dinh CT, Do TO.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jan 21. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21254784 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasensitive Study of Gatifloxacin Based on Its Enhancing Effect on the Cerium (IV)-Sodium Hyposulfite Chemiluminescence Reaction in a Micellar Medium.
Kamruzzaman M, Alam AM, Ferdous T, Lee SH, Kim YH, Kim SH.
J Fluoresc. 2011 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21246264 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exposure, Health and Ecological Effects Review of Engineered Nanoscale Cerium and Cerium Oxide, Calcium doped Nanopowder Associated with its Use as a Fuel Additive.
Cassee FR, van Balen EC, Singh C, Green D, Muijser H, Weinstein J, Dreher K.
Crit Rev Toxicol. 2011 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21244219 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Expedient Route to the Tigliane-Daphnane Skeleton via Oxonium Ylide [1,2]-Shift.
Stewart C, McDonald R, West FG.
Org Lett. 2011 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21241059 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Formation of a porous Cerium Oxide, Calcium doped Nanopowder membrane by anodization.
Lawrence NJ, Jiang K, Cheung CL.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21234482 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Me(2)-NHC based robust Ir catalyst for efficient water oxidation.
Hetterscheid DG, Reek JN.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21225028 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A review of selected engineered nanoparticles in the atmosphere: sources, transformations, and techniques for sampling and analysis.
Majestic BJ, Erdakos GB, Lewandowski M, Oliver KD, Willis RD, Kleindienst TE, Bhave PV.
Int J Occup Environ Health. 2010 Oct-Dec;16(4):488-507.PMID: 21222392 [PubMed - in process]
A structured observational method to assess dermal exposure to manufactured nanoparticles DREAM as an initial assessment tool.
Van Duuren-Stuurman B, Pelzer J, Moehlmann C, Berges M, Bard D, Wake D, Mark D, Jankowska E, Brouwer D.
Int J Occup Environ Health. 2010 Oct-Dec;16(4):399-405.PMID: 21222384 [PubMed - in process]
Synthesis and physicochemical characterizations of nanostructured Pt/Al(2)O(3)-CeO(2) catalysts for total oxidation of VOCs.
Abbasi Z, Haghighi M, Fatehifar E, Saedy S.
J Hazard Mater. 2010 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21216099 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cerium (IV) oxide nanotubes prepared by low temperature deposition at normal pressure.
Boehme M, Fu G, Ionescu E, Ensinger W.
Nanotechnology. 2011 Feb 11;22(6):065602. Epub 2011 Jan 7.PMID: 21212481 [PubMed - in process]
High-flux solar-driven thermochemical dissociation of CO2 and H2O using nonstoichiometric ceria.
Chueh WC, Falter C, Abbott M, Scipio D, Furler P, Haile SM, Steinfeld A.
Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1797-801.PMID: 21205663 [PubMed]
Extra-Low-Temperature Oxygen Storage Capacity of CeO(2) Nanocrystals with Cubic Facets.
Zhang J, Kumagai H, Yamamura K, Ohara S, Takami S, Morikawa A, Shinjoh H, Kaneko K, Adschiri T, Suda A.
Nano Lett. 2011 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21204550 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Splenocyte apoptotic pathway in mice following oral exposure to cerium trichloride.
Cheng J, Li N, Cheng Z, Hua R, Cai J, Si W, Hong F.
Chemosphere. 2010 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21195450 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by cerium(IV) releases significant amounts of choline and inorganic phosphate at lysosomal pH.
Kassai M, Teopipithaporn R, Grant KB.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Feb;105(2):215-23. Epub 2010 Nov 13.PMID: 21194621 [PubMed - in process]
Kinetic spectrophotometric methods for the determination of artificial sweetener (sucralose) in tablets.
Youssef RM, Korany MA, Khamis EF, Mahgoub H, Kamal MF.
Drug Test Anal. 2010 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21191969 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Removal of cerium ions from aqueous solution by hydrous ferric oxide - A radiotracer study.
Dubey SS, Rao BS.
J Hazard Mater. 2010 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21168956 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of Ce addition on the catalytic behavior of alumina-supported Cu-Co catalysts in NO reduction with CO.
Spassova I, Velichkova N, Nihtianova D, Khristova M.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Feb 15;354(2):777-84. Epub 2010 Dec 9.PMID: 21145560 [PubMed - in process]
Stable nanoparticle aggregates/agglomerates of different sizes and the effect of their size on hemolytic cytotoxicity.
Zook JM, Maccuspie RI, Locascio LE, Halter MD, Elliott JT.
Nanotoxicology. 2010 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21142841 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Catalytic Decomposition of Toxic Chemicals over Metal-Promoted Carbon Nanotubes.
Li L, Han C, Han X, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhang B, Hu J.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Jan 15;45(2):726-31. Epub 2010 Dec 8.PMID: 21141883 [PubMed - in process]
Activation of alpha(1) -adrenergic receptors stimulate the growth of small mouse cholangiocytes Via calcium-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 and specificity protein 1.
Alpini G, Franchitto A, Demorrow S, Onori P, Gaudio E, Wise C, Francis H, Venter J, Kopriva S, Mancinelli R, Carpino G, Stagnitti F, Ueno Y, Han Y, Meng F, Glaser S.
Hepatology. 2011 Feb;53(2):628-639. doi: 10.1002/hep.24041. Epub 2011 Jan 3.PMID: 21274883 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cell Signaling of Angiotensin II on Vascular Tone: Novel Mechanisms.
Cat AN, Touyz RM.
Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011 Jan 29. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21274755 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Impact of Selenium on the Leukotriene B(4) Synthesis Pathway during Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Experimental Rats.
Panicker S, Swathy SS, John F, M I.
Inflammation. 2011 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21274744 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Calcium Fructoborate-Potential Anti-inflammatory Agent.
Scorei RI, Rotaru P.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21274653 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Biochemical characterization of a new type of intracellular PHB depolymerase from Rhodospirillum rubrum with high hydrolytic activity on native PHB granules.
Sznajder A, Jendrossek D.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21274528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Calcium Inhibits Dihydropyridine-Stimulated Increases in Opening and Unitary Conductance of a Plant Ca(2+) Channel.
Piñeros MA, Tester M.
J Membr Biol. 2011 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21274523 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Expression of the sperm fibrous sheath protein CABYR in human cancers and identification of a-enolase as an interacting partner of CABYR-a.
Tseng YT, Hsia JY, Chen CY, Lin NT, Chong PC, Yang CY.
Oncol Rep. 2011 Jan 27. doi: 10.3892/or.2011.1165. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21274509 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Improving Blood Pressure Control in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and High Cardiovascular Risk.
Elliott HL, Lloyd SM, Ford I, Meredith PA.
Int J Hypertens. 2011 Jan 10;2010:490769.PMID: 21274458 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Long-Term Follow-Up of a Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1A Patient with Missense Mutation (Pro115Ser) in Exon 5.
Erdeve SS, Berberoglu M, Siklar Z, Evliyaoglu O, Hiort O, Ocal G.
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010 Jun;2(2):85-88. Epub 2010 May 7.PMID: 21274345 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is not Regulated by Parathyroid Hormone and Vitamin D in vivo: Evidence from Children with Rickets.
Bereket A, Cesur Y, Ozkan B, Adal E, Turan S, Hanedan Onan S, Döneray H, Akçay T, Haklar G.
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010 Mar;2(1):17-20. Epub 2010 Feb 2.PMID: 21274331 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets Mimicking Pseudohypoparathyroidism.
Akin L, Kurtoglu S, Yildiz A, Akin MA, Kendirici M.
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010 Dec;2(4):173-175. Epub 2010 Nov 8.PMID: 21274319 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nutritional Rickets.
Ozkan B.
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010 Dec;2(4):137-143. Epub 2010 Nov 1.PMID: 21274312 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Vitamin D Deficiency in Turkish Mothers and Their Neonates and in Women of Reproductive Age.
Ergür AT, Berberoglu M, Atasay B, Siklar Z, Bilir P, Arsan S, Söylemez F, Ocal G.
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009 Dec;1(6):266-269. Epub 2009 Nov 3.PMID: 21274307 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Effect of Vitamin D Treatment on Serum Adiponectin Levels in Children with Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets.
Ozkan B, Döneray H, Keskin H.
J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009 Dec;1(6):262-265. Epub 2009 Nov 2.PMID: 21274306 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metabolic Bone Disease in the Bariatric Surgery Patient.
Williams SE.
J Obes. 2011;2011:634614. Epub 2010 Dec 28.PMID: 21274274 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Factors Associated With Early Atherosclerosis and Arterial Calcifications in Young Subjects With a Benign Phenotype of Obesity.
Gilardini L, Pasqualinotto L, Di Matteo S, Caffetto K, Croci M, Girola A, Invitti C.
Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21273999 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Renal Function in Patients Treated with Cinacalcet for Persistent Hyperparathyroidism after Kidney Transplantation.
Henschkowski J, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Wüthrich RP, Serra AL.
Kidney Blood Press Res. 2011 Jan 27;34(2):97-103. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21273790 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparison of Combination Therapy of Olmesartan plus Azelnidipine or Hydrochlorothiazide on Renal and Vascular Damage in SHR/NDmcr-cp Rats.
Nagasu H, Satoh M, Yorimitsu D, Tomita N, Sasaki T, Kashihara N.
Kidney Blood Press Res. 2011 Jan 27;34(2):87-96. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 21273789 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In vivo remineralization of artificial enamel carious lesions using a mineral-enriched mouthrinse and a fluoride dentifrice: A polarized light microscopic comparative evaluation.
Bansal K, Gauba K, Tewari A, Chawla HS, Sahni A.
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010 October-December;28(4):264-270.PMID: 21273714 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Antimicrobial activity of different endodontic sealers: An in vitro evaluation.
Saha S, Samadi F, Jaiswal JN, Ghoshal U.
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2010 October-December;28(4):251-257.PMID: 21273712 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Material Safety Data Sheet
1 Identification of substance
Product details
Trade name Cerium (IV) oxide
2 Composition/Data on components:
Chemical characterization: Designation: (CAS#)
Cerium (IV) oxide (CAS# 1306-38-3), 100%
Identification number(s):
EINECS Number: 215-150-4
3 Hazards identification
Hazard designation: · void
Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
Not applicable
4 First aid measures
After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
After swallowing Seek medical treatment.
Information for doctor
The following symptoms may occur: Gastric or intestinal trouble
5 Fire fighting measures
Suitable extinguishing agents
Use fire fighting measures that suit the environment.
Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Measures for cleaning/collecting: Collect mechanically.
Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
7 Handling and storage
Handling
Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
No special precautions necessary if used correctly.
Information about protection against explosions and fires:
The product is not flammable
Storage
Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
No special requirements.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from oxidizing agents.
Further information about storage conditions:
Protect from carbon dioxide.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
Components with critical values that require monitoring at the workplace:
Not required.
Additional information: No data
Personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
Eye protection: Safety glasses
Body protection: Protective work clothing.
9 Physical and chemical properties:
General Information
Form: Powder
Colour: Light yellow
Smell: Not determined
Value/Range Unit Method
Change in condition
Melting point/Melting range: 2600 ° C
Boiling point/Boiling range: Not determined
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
Flash point: Not applicable
Inflammability (solid, gaseous) Product is not inflammable.
Ignition temperature: Not determined
Decomposition temperature: Not determined
Danger of explosion: Product is not explosive.
Critical values for explosion:
Lower: Not determined
Upper: Not determined
Steam pressure: Not determined
Density at 20 ° C 7.132 g/cm³
Solubility in / Miscibility with
Water: Insoluble
10 Stability and reactivity
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
Materials to be avoided: Oxidizing agents
Dangerous reactions: No dangerous reactions known
Dangerous products of decomposition: None known.
11 Toxicological information
Acute toxicity: LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:
Oral: LD50: >5000 mg/kg (rat)
Primary irritant effect:
on the skin: Powder: irritant effect
on the eye: Powder: irritant effect
Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
12 Ecological information:
General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Generally not hazardous for water.
13 Disposal considerations
Product:
Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
Uncleaned packagings:
Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
14 Transport information
Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: None
Maritime transport IMDG/GGVSea:
IMDG/GGVSea Class: None
Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR:
ICAO/IATA Class: None
Transport/Additional information:
Not dangerous according to the above specifications.
15 Regulatory information
Designation according to EC guidelines:
Observe the normal safety regulations when handling chemicals
The product is not subject to identification regulations under EC Directives and the Ordinance on Hazardous Materials (GefStoffV).
National regulations
Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Water hazard class: Generally not hazardous for water.
16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
in Charlotte, North Carolina
Cerium Oxide, Calcium doped Nanopowder powders and dispersions are inorganic cerium-oxide nanoparticles with unique polishing and Ultra-Violet attenuating properties. C-MITE-A™ products are uncoated and hydrophilic. C-MITE-O™ products are coated with an organic silane (1-4%) and are hydrophobic. Particles are available in the size range of 10-200 nm. They are also available as a nanofluid through the AE Nanofluid production group. Nanofluids are generally defined as suspended nanoparticles in solution either using surfactant or surface charge technology. Nanofluid dispersion and coating selection technical guidance is also available. Other nanostructures include nanorods, nanowhiskers, nanohorns, nanopyramids and other nanocomposites. Surface functionalized nanoparticles allow for the particles to be preferentially adsorbed at the surface interface using chemically bound polymers.
Cerium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Cerium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f2 6s2. In its elemental form cerium's CAS number is 7440-45-1. The cerium atom has a radius of 182.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 181.pm. Cerium is moderately toxic. Cerium is one of the products manufactured and distributed under the tradename AE Rare Earths. Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earths metals. It is characterized chemically by having two valence states , the +3 cerous and +4 ceric states. The ceric state is the only non-trivalent rare earth ion stable in aqueous
solutions.It is, therefore,
strongly acidic and moderately toxic. It is also a strong oxidizer.The cerous state closely resembles the other trivalent rare earths. The numerous commercial applications for cerium include metallurgy, glass and glass polishing, ceramics, catalysts, as the electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells when doped with yttrium, gadolinium or samarium and in phosphors. In steel manufacturing it is used to remove free oxygen and sulfur by forming stable oxysulfides and by tying up undesirable trace elements, such as lead and antimony. It is considered to be the most efficient glass polishing agent for precision optical polishing. It is also used to decolor glass by keeping iron in its ferrous state. The ability of cerium-doped glass to block out ultra violet light is utilized in the manufacturing of medical glassware and aerospace windows. It is also used to prevent polymers from darkening in sunlight and to suppress discoloration of television glass.
Cerium was first discovered by W. von Hisinger in 1903. The element was named after the asteroid Ceres. See Cerium research below.
Calcium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Calcium's shells is 2, 8, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 4s2. In its elemental form calcium's CAS number is 7440-70-2. The calcium atom has a radius of 197.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Calcium is a reactive, soft metal. Calcium is a member of the alkaline earth elements. Calcium is an essential metal for living organisms and is non-toxic. Its primary commercial application is in its metallic form as a reducing 
agent in the production of other metals. In iron and steel production it is added to the melt to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon. The various 
calcium compounds have wide application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. It is used in small doses in alloys of copper and beryllium. It is used in dietary supplements and food production because it has been shown to improve bone and dental health. Calcium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Calcium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. The name calcium originates from the Latin word 'calics' meaning lime. See Calcium research below. 
