Vitreous Carbon Foam is low density permeable material with numerous applications. The defining characteristic of these foams is a very high porosity, typically 75-95% of the volume consisting of void spaces. Metallic foams have found a wide variety of applications in heat exchangers, energy absorption, flow diffusion and lightweight optics. Ceramic foam is often used for thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, adsorption of environmental pollutants, filtration of molten metal alloys, and as substrate for catalysts requiring large internal surface area. Vitreous Carbon Foam is generally immediately available in most volumes. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
Carbon is a Block P, Group 12, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Carbon's shells is 2, 4 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p2. In its elemental form carbon's CAS number is 7440-44-0. Carbon in its purest form has very low toxicity. Carbon black dust, such as soot or coal dust can cause irritation and damage to the lungs when inhaled in large quantities. Carbon In its elemental form is one of the softest (graphite) and hardest (diamond) materials found in nature. Applications for graphitic carbon include in lubricant formulations and as the replacement for lead in pencils. Diamond and diamond micropowder have numerous industrial applications due to its extreme hardness and resistance to heat and pressure, including in geological drilling bits, grinding media and as a high strength, high temperature abrasive.Graphene is a nanoscale ultra thin film or foil with thicknesses as small as 1 nanometer which can be produced from either silicon carbide or graphite flake processing. These include in drill bits and grinding media and grinding equipment. Carbon also finds application in steel alloys, in various filtering and purification technologies and as a neutron moderator in nuclear power plants. Carbon is available as a nanoparticle and in single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled nanotubes with purities from 99% to 99.999% ( ultra-high purity ). Carbon was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. The name carbon originates from the Latin word 'carbo' meaning charcoal. See Carbon research below.
Dielectrophoretic capture of E. coli cells at micropatterned nanoelectrode arrays.
Syed LU, Liu J, Price AK, Li YF, Culbertson CT, Li J.
Electrophoresis. 2011 Aug 8. doi: 10.1002/elps.201100020. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21823128
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dying with parents: an extreme form of child abuse.
Hon KL.
World J Pediatr. 2011 Aug;7(3):266-8. Epub 2011 Aug 7.
PMID:
21822993
[PubMed - in process]
Exploring the limits of robust detection of incorporation of (13)C by mass spectrometry in protein-based stable isotope probing (protein-SIP).
Taubert M, Baumann S, von Bergen M, Seifert J.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Aug 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822970
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Kinetics of CO conversion into H(2) by Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans.
Zhao Y, Cimpoia R, Liu Z, Guiot SR.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Aug 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822902
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Carbon monoxide exposure enhances arrhythmia after cardiac stress: involvement of oxidative stress.
André L, Gouzi F, Thireau J, Meyer G, Boissiere J, Delage M, Abdellaoui A, Feillet-Coudray C, Fouret G, Cristol JP, Lacampagne A, Obert P, Reboul C, Fauconnier J, Hayot M, Richard S, Cazorla O.
Basic Res Cardiol. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822772
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Seasonal photosynthetic gas exchange and water-use efficiency in a constitutive CAM plant, the giant saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea).
Bronson DR, English NB, Dettman DL, Williams DG.
Oecologia. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822726
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dew water isotopic ratios and their relationships to ecosystem water pools and fluxes in a cropland and a grassland in China.
Wen XF, Lee X, Sun XM, Wang JL, Hu ZM, Li SG, Yu GR.
Oecologia. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822725
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of medium components on the expression of recombinant lipoproteins in Escherichia coli.
Tseng CL, Leng CH.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822641
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Interactions between P-limitation and different C conditions on the fatty acid composition of an extremophile microalga.
Spijkerman E, Wacker A.
Extremophiles. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822594
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A magnetite/oxidized carbon nanotube composite used as an adsorbent and a matrix of MALDI-TOF-MS for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene.
Li XS, Wu JH, Xu LD, Zhao Q, Luo YB, Yuan BF, Feng YQ.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822521
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Microporous carbon adsorbents with high CO(2) capacities for industrial applications.
Builes S, Roussel T, Ghimbeu CM, Parmentier J, Gadiou R, Vix-Guterl C, Vega LF.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822505
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
From amine to ruthenaziridine to azaallyl: unusual transformation of di-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine on ruthenium.
Prokopchuk DE, Lough AJ, Morris RH.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822503
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Keratinase Production by Three Bacillus spp. Using Feather Meal and Whole Feather as Substrate in a Submerged Fermentation.
Mazotto AM, Coelho RR, Cedrola SM, de Lima MF, Couri S, Paraguai de Souza E, Vermelho AB.
Enzyme Res. 2011;2011:523780. Epub 2011 Aug 1.
PMID:
21822479
[PubMed - in process]
Assessment of Bioflocculant Production by Bacillus sp. Gilbert, a Marine Bacterium Isolated from the Bottom Sediment of Algoa Bay.
Nontembiso P, Sekelwa C, Leonard MV, Anthony OI.
Mar Drugs. 2011;9(7):1232-42. Epub 2011 Jul 11.
PMID:
21822413
[PubMed - in process]
Self-assembly of a sulphur-terminated graphene nanoribbon within a single-walled carbon nanotube.
Chuvilin A, Bichoutskaia E, Gimenez-Lopez MC, Chamberlain TW, Rance GA, Kuganathan N, Biskupek J, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN.
Nat Mater. 2011 Aug 7. doi: 10.1038/nmat3082. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822259
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Redox-based thrombelastographic method to detect carboxyhemefibrinogen-mediated hypercoagulability.
Nielsen VG, Arkebauer MR, Vosseller K.
Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822126
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray structure analysis of the laccase from Ganoderma lucidum.
Lyashenko AV, Belova O, Gabdulkhakov AG, Lashkov AA, Lisov AV, Leontievsky AA, Mikhailov AM.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2011 Aug 1;67(Pt 8):926-9. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
PMID:
21821897
[PubMed - in process]
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of glucokinase from Streptomyces griseus in complex with glucose.
Miyazono KI, Tabei N, Marushima K, Ohnishi Y, Horinouchi S, Tanokura M.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2011 Aug 1;67(Pt 8):914-6. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
PMID:
21821894
[PubMed - in process]
Force modulation for enhanced nanoscale electrical sensing.
Koelmans WW, Sebastian A, Abelmann L, Despont M, Pozidis H.
Nanotechnology. 2011 Aug 8;22(35):355706. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821873
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Realizing the full nanofiller enhancement in melt-spun fibers of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/carbon nanotube composites.
Yang J, Chen Q, Chen F, Zhang Q, Wang K, Fu Q.
Nanotechnology. 2011 Aug 8;22(35):355707. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821872
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Metal Foam
Automatic biodetector ofwater toxicity (ABTOW) as a tool for examination of phenol and cyanide
contaminated water. Woznica A, Nowak A, Karczewski J, Klis C, Bernas T. Chemosphere. 2010 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20692008.
Removal of trace Cd(2+)
using continuous multistage ion foam fractionation: Part I-The effect of feed
SDS/Cd molar ratio. Rujirawanich V, Chavadej S, O'Haver JH, Rujiravanit R. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20667426.
Initial evaluation of bone ingrowth
into a novel porous titanium coating. Wazen RM, Lefebvre LP, Baril E, Nanci A. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010
Jul;94(1):64-71. PubMed PMID: 20336725.
Hierarchically structured titanium foams for tissue scaffold
applications. Singh R, Lee PD, Jones JR, Poologasundarampillai G, Post T, Lindley TC,
Dashwood RJ. Acta Biomater. 2010 Jun 30. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20601241.
Automotive shredder residue
(ASR) characterization for a valuable management. Morselli L, Santini A, Passarini F, Vassura I. Waste Manag. 2010 Jun 19. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20566277.
Synthesis and application of alizarin
complexone functionalized polyurethane foam: Preconcentration/separation of metal
ions from tap water and human urine. Azeem SM, Arafa WA, El-Shahat MF. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jun 12. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 20619967.
Characterization of the deformation behavior of intermediate
porosity interconnected Ti foams using micro-computed tomography and direct
finite element modeling. Singh R, Lee PD, Lindley TC, Kohlhauser C, Hellmich C, Bram M, Imwinkelried T,
Dashwood RJ. Acta Biomater. 2010 Jun;6(6):2342-51. Epub 2009 Dec 2.
PubMed PMID: 19961958.
SUltrasound-driven design of
metal surface nanofoams. korb EV, Shchukin DG, Möhwald H, Andreeva DV. Nanoscale. 2010 May 11;2(5):722-7. Epub 2010 Apr 19.
PubMed PMID: 20644741.
Release and fate of
fluorocarbons in a shredder residue landfill cell: 2. Field investigations. Scheutz C, Fredenslund AM, Nedenskov J, Kjeldsen P. Waste
Manag. 2010 May 3. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20444588.
Release and fate of
fluorocarbons in a shredder residue landfill cell: 1. Laboratory experiments.
Scheutz C, Fredenslund AM, Nedenskov J, Kjeldsen P. Waste Manag. 2010 Apr 30. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20435458.
Next-generation biomedical implants
using additive manufacturing of complex, cellular and functional mesh arrays.
Murr LE, Gaytan SM, Medina F, Lopez H, Martinez E, Machado BI, Hernandez DH,
Martinez L, Lopez MI, Wicker RB, Bracke J. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2010 Apr 28;368(1917):1999-2032. PubMed
PMID: 20308113.
Functionality and antioxidant
properties of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as influenced by the degree of
hydrolysis. Foh MB, Amadou I, Foh BM, Kamara MT, Xia W. Int J Mol Sci. 2010 Apr 26;11(4):1851-69. PubMed PMID: 20480046;
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2871142.
Design of an electro-Fenton system with a novel
sandwich film cathode for wastewater treatment. Fan Y, Ai Z, Zhang L. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Apr
15;176(1-3):678-84. Epub 2009 Dec 11. PubMed PMID: 20005037.
Hyperlipidemia induces endothelial-derived foam cells in
culture. Ivan L, Antohe F. J Recept Signal Transduct Res. 2010 Apr;30(2):106-14. PubMed PMID:
20196626.
Detection of vulnerable coronary plaques by color fluorescent
angioscopy. Uchida Y, Uchida Y, Kawai S, Kanamaru R, Sugiyama Y, Tomaru T, Maezawa Y,
Kameda N. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010 Apr;3(4):398-408. PubMed PMID:
20394902.
Potential use of gypsum
and lime rich industrial by-products for induced reduction of Pb, Zn and Ni
leachability in an acid soil. Rodríguez-Jordá MP, Garrido F, García-González MT. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Mar 15;175(1-3):762-9. Epub
2009 Oct 30. PubMed PMID: 19932561.
[Determination of trace
metals in atmospheric dry deposition with a heavy matrix of PUF by inductively
coupled plasma mass spectroscopy after microwave digestion]. Pan YP, Wang YS, Yang YJ, Wu D, Xin JY, Fan WY. Huan Jing Ke Xue.
2010 Mar;31(3):553-9. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 20358807.
Use of a
foam spatula for sampling surfaces after bioaerosol deposition. Lewandowski R, Kozlowska K, Szpakowska M, Stepinska M, Trafny EA. Appl Environ
Microbiol. 2010 Feb;76(3):688-94. Epub 2009 Dec 18. PubMed PMID: 20023101; PubMed
Central PMCID: PMC2813024.
Osseointegration into a novel titanium foam implant in the distal femur of a
rabbit. Willie BM, Yang X, Kelly NH, Merkow J, Gagne S, Ware R, Wright TM, Bostrom
MP. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2010 Feb;92(2):479-88. PubMed PMID:
20024964; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2860654.
Potential/charge induced nanoporous metal actuators. Viswanath RN. Conf Proc
IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2009;2009:6838-41. PubMed PMID: 19964917.
Vitreous Carbon Foam is low density permeable material with numerous applications. The defining characteristic of these foams is a very high porosity, typically 75-95% of the volume consisting of void spaces. Metallic foams have found a wide variety of applications in heat exchangers, energy absorption, flow diffusion and lightweight optics. Ceramic foam is often used for thermal insulation, acoustic insulation, adsorption of environmental pollutants, filtration of molten metal alloys, and as substrate for catalysts requiring large internal surface area. Vitreous Carbon Foam is generally immediately available in most volumes. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.
Carbon is a Block P, Group 12, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Carbon's shells is 2, 4 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p2. In its elemental form carbon's CAS number is 7440-44-0. Carbon in its purest form has very low toxicity. Carbon black dust, such as soot or coal dust can cause irritation and damage to the lungs when inhaled in large quantities. Carbon In its elemental form is one of the softest (graphite) and hardest (diamond) materials found in nature. Applications for graphitic carbon include in lubricant formulations and as the replacement for lead in pencils. Diamond and diamond micropowder have numerous industrial applications due to its extreme hardness and resistance to heat and pressure, including in geological drilling bits, grinding media and as a high strength, high temperature abrasive.Graphene is a nanoscale ultra thin film or foil with thicknesses as small as 1 nanometer which can be produced from either silicon carbide or graphite flake processing. These 
include in drill bits and grinding media and grinding equipment. Carbon also finds application in steel alloys, in various filtering and purification technologies and as a neutron moderator in nuclear power plants. Carbon is available as a nanoparticle and in single-walled, double-walled and multi-walled nanotubes with purities from 99% to 99.999% ( ultra-high purity ). Carbon was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. The name carbon originates from the Latin word 'carbo' meaning charcoal. See Carbon research below.
