Graphene is a flat one-atom thick sheet of sp2 carbon atoms densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice structure. It is the basic structural element for graphite, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. Graphene samples are available as nanoflakes on Si/SiO2 substrate wafers. Each layer is monoatomically thin with a thickness of ~0.34nm, though it is possible to produce multi-layered flakes. Using microscopic imagery, one can easily find the flakes and process them using microelectronic fabrications techniques.

Graphene is the first example of truly two-dimensional crystals, giving it novel electronic and mechanical properties. Because of its high electronic mobility, structural flexibility, and capability of being tuned from p-type to n-type doping by the application of a gate voltage, graphene is considered a potential breakthrough in terms of carbon-based nano-electronics. Research into applications for carbon graphene nanosheets has focused on uses as platforms for next-wave microchips, active materials in field emitter arrays for flat panel screen displays, in biological sensors and medical imaging devices, in solar energy cells, and in high-surface area electrodes for use in bio-science. Graphene is a possible replacement material where carbon nanotubes are presently used. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available.

Calcium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 4 element. The electronic configuration is [Ar] 4s². In its elemental form calcium's CAS number is 7440-70-2. The calcium atom has a radius of 197.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Calcium is a member of the alkaline earth elements. Its primary commercial application is in its metallic form as a reducing agent in the production of other metals. In iron and steel production it is added to the melt to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon. The various calcium compounds have wide application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics. It is used in small doses in alloys of copper and beryllium. It is used in dietary supplements and food production because it has been shown to improve bone and dental health. Calcium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Calcium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808.