Chromium Circle

High Purity Cr Circles
CAS 7440-47-3

Product	Product Code	Order or Specifications
(2N) 99% Chromium Circle	CR-M-02-CRCL
(3N) 99.9% Chromium Circle	CR-M-03-CRCL
(4N) 99.99% Chromium Circle	CR-M-04-CRCL
(5N) 99.999% Chromium Circle	CR-M-05-CRCL

American Elements specializes in producing high purity Chromium Circles with the highest possible densityand smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Circle sizes range from 1" to 8" in diameter and from 2mm to 1/2" thick. We can also provide Circles outside this range. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. We also produce Chromium as rod, pellets, powder, pieces, granules, ingot, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.

Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose. Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic to humans, and neutralizing its effects as an environmental pollutant has become a critical issue for researchers and green energy advocates; in January 2013, a team of Chinese scientists found that multi-walled carbon nanotubes effectively removed Chromium(IV) from polluted water samples with certain pH levels, indicating the importance of nanotechnology research for the future of environmental science. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. The most common source of Chromium is chromite ore (FeCr₂O₄). Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.

HEALTH, SAFETY & TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION
Material Safety Data Sheet	MSDS
Signal Word	Warning
Hazard Statements	H400
Hazard Codes	N/A
Risk Codes	N/A
Safety Precautions	N/A
RTECS Number	GB4200000
Transport Information	N/A
WGK Germany	3
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS)

Production Catalog Available in 36 Countries & Languages

Recent Research & Development for Chromium

• Use of activated dry flowers (ADF) of Alstonia Scholaris for chromium (Vl) removal: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics studies. Sharma S, Kothiyal NC. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2013 Jun 12.
• The Effect of Erbium, Chromium:Yttrium-Scandium-Gallium-Garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) Laser Therapy on Pain During Cavity Preparation in Paediatric Dental Patients: A Pilot Study. Eren F, Altinok B, Ertugral F, Tanboga I. Oral Health Dent Manag. 2013 Jun;12(2):80-4.
• Green method to form iron oxide nanorods in orange peels for chromium(VI) reduction. López-Téllez G, Balderas-Hernández P, Barrera-Díaz CE, Vilchis-Nestor AR, Roa-Morales G, Bilyeu B. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013 Mar;13(3):2354-61.
• Effects of compound carboxylate-urea system on nano Ni-Cr/SiC composite coatings from trivalent chromium baths. He X, Hou B, Cai Y, Wu L. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2013 Mar;13(3):2193-200.
• A double-blind, randomized pilot trial of chromium picolinate for binge eating disorder: Results of the Binge Eating and Chromium (BEACh) Study. Brownley KA, Von Holle A, Hamer RM, La Via M, Bulik CM. J Psychosom Res. 2013 Jul;75(1):36-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.092.
• Switchable Transport Strategy to Deposit Active Fe/Fe₃ C Cores into Hollow Microporous Carbons for Efficient Chromium Removal. Liu DH, Guo Y, Zhang LH, Li WC, Sun T, Lu AH. Small. 2013 Jun 10. doi: 10.1002/smll.201300276.
• [Clinical efficacy and serum cobalt, chromium metal ion concentrations after total hip arthroplasty with three different hard-on-hard bearings]. Cheng XW, Shen B, Zheng B, Yang J, Zhou ZK, Kang PD, Pei FX. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2013 Mar;44(2):218-21, 230.
• Synthesis, Characterization, and Heterobimetallic Cooperation in a Titanium-Chromium Catalyst for Highly Branched Polyethylenes. Liu S, Motta A, Delferro M, Marks TJ. J Am Chem Soc. 2013 Jun 4.
• Long D, Tang X, Cai K, Chen G, Shen C, Shi J, Chen L, Chen Y. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Jun 3.
• Evaluation of chromium, cobalt and manganese in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of Pakistani viral hepatitis (A-E) patients and controls. Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Naeemullah, Arain SS, Brahman KD, Wadhwa SK. Clin Lab. 2013;59(3-4):247-56.
• Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Alteration of Proteomic Landscape in Human Skin Fibroblast Cells. Guo L, Xiao Y, Wang Y. J Proteome Res. 2013 May 29.
• Re: Seidler A, Jänichen S, Hegewald J et al. Systematic review and quantification of respiratory cancer risk for occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium. Pesch B, Weiss T, Pallapies D, Schlüter G, Brüning T. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2013 May 28.
• Short-term chromium-stress-induced alterations in the maize leaf proteome. Wang R, Gao F, Guo BQ, Huang JC, Wang L, Zhou YJ. Int J Mol Sci. 2013 May 27;14(6):11125-44. doi: 10.3390/ijms140611125.
• Preparation and characterization of TiO₂/acid leached serpentinite tailings composites and their photocatalytic reduction of Chromium(VI). Sun Z, Zheng L, Zheng S, Frost RL. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013 May 7. doi:pii: S0021-9797(13)00373-1. 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.04.027.
• Oxidized Zirconium versus Cobalt-Chromium in TKA: Profilometry of Retrieved Femoral Components. Heyse TJ, Elpers ME, Nawabi DH, Wright TM, Haas SB. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 May 25.
• [The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the electrochemical corrosion properties and metal ions release of nickel-chromium dental alloys]. Wang J, Qiao GY. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2013 Apr;22(2):137-41.
• Hexavalent chromium release from lignite fly ash and related ecotoxic effects. Darakas E, Tsiridis V, Petala M, Kungolos A. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2013;48(11):1390-8. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2013.781886.
• Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Induced by Chromium in Liver and Kidney of Goldfish, Carassius auratus. Velma V, Tchounwou PB. Biomark Insights. 2013 Apr 25;8:43-51. doi: 10.4137/BMI.S11456.
• Simultaneous Redox Conversion of Chromium(VI) and Arsenic(III) under Acidic Conditions. Wang Z, Bush RT, Sullivan LA, Liu J. Environ Sci Technol. 2013 May 29.

Proud Sponsors of the International Conference on Diamond & Carbon
Materials. Please join us and our customers and co-sponsors Thermo
Scientific and Element Six on September 2, 2013 in Riva del Garda, Italy.