Cobalt Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Alloy

Co Ni Cr Fe Mo Ti Alloy

Product	Product Code	Order or Specifications
Co- Ni-35% Cr-20% Mo-10%	CONI-CRMO-01-P.10MO
Co- Ni-35% Cr-28% Mo-10% Low Ti	CONI-CRMO-01-P.10MO

Cobalt Nickel Chromium Molybdenum is one of numerous metal alloys sold by American Elements under the tradename AE Alloys™. Generally immediately available in most volumes, AE Alloys™ are available as bar, Ingot, ribbon, wire, shot, sheet, and foil. Ultra high purity and high purity forms also include metal powder, submicron powder and nanoscale, targets for thin film deposition, and pellets for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) applications. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Primary applications include bearing assembly, ballast, casting, step soldering, and radiation shielding.

Cobalt is a Block D, Group 9, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Cobalt's shells is 2, 8, 15, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d⁷ 4s². In its elemental form cobalt's CAS number is 7440-48-4. The cobalt atom has a radius of 125.3.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Cobalt and its compounds are somewhat toxic by skin contact and moderately toxic by inhalation. Cobalt has a metallic permeability two thirds that of iron. It exists as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The transformation is slow and accounts in part for the wide variation in the physical properties of cobalt. In certain circumstances, cobalt has the ability to mimic the reactivity of precious metals (such as platinum and palladium), as researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory discovered in a November 2012 experiment, and may prove useful as an inexpensive industrial catalyst for green energy applications such as biofuels and the reduction of carbon dioxide. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Samarium-cobalt is one of the highest strength magnet alloys known. Cobalt compounds produce a brilliant and permanent blue color in ceramic glazes, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. Co-60 is useful as a gamma ray source. Toxicity of cobalt and its compounds are mild by skin contact and moderate by ingestion. Cobalt is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Cobalt is found in cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot and skutterudite ores. Cobalt was first discovered by George Brandt in 1737. The origin of the word Cobalt comes from the German word 'Kobalt or Kobold' which translates as "goblin", "elf" or "evil spirit". See Cobalt research below.

Nickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d⁸ 4s². In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. It is extensively alloyed with iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and other metals to produce stainless and other anti-corrosive steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. In January 2013, Kansas State University researchers experimenting with a new, more efficient method of synthesizing graphene films found that graphene grown on nickel substrates could function as a rechargeable negative anode of a lithium-ion cell; their discovery may lead to more cost-effective means of producing the nanomaterials for lithium ion batteries in the future. Nickel's conductive properties have made it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose. Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. The bulk of mined nickel comes from laterite and magmatic sulfide ores. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751. The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore. See Nickel research below.

Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose. Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic to humans, and neutralizing its effects as an environmental pollutant has become a critical issue for researchers and green energy advocates; in January 2013, a team of Chinese scientists found that multi-walled carbon nanotubes effectively removed Chromium(IV) from polluted water samples with certain pH levels, indicating the importance of nanotechnology research for the future of environmental science. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. The most common source of Chromium is chromite ore (FeCr₂O₄). Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.

Molybdenum is a Block D, Group 6, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Molybdenum's shells is 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d⁵ 5s¹. In its elemental form molybdenum's CAS number is 7439-98-7. The molybdenum atom has a radius of 136.3.pm and its Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Molybdenum is toxic unless it is in small quantities. Molybdenum has the third highest melting point of any element, exceeded only by tungsten and tantalum. Molybdenum is a catalyst in the oil refining. It has many other applications, including in catalysts, pigments, corrosion inhibitors and lubricants. It has a very high elastic modulus. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers recently produced complex electronic circuits from Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂), a material that could help usher in radically new electronic products. Molybdenum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is used in steel alloys to add hardness and raise melting points. It is a component in Hastelloys brand steel. Molybdenum is used in nuclear reactors and aerospace components. The primary commercial source of molybdenum is molybdenite, although it is also recovered as a byproduct of copper and tungsten mining. Molybdenum was first discovered by Carl Wilhelm in 1778. The origin of the name Molybdenum comes from the Greek word molubdos meaning lead. See Molybdenum research below.

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Recent Research & Development for Cobalt

• Enhanced adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on mixed zinc/cobalt hydroxides: Effect of morphology and an increased number of surface hydroxyl groups. Mabayoje O, Seredych M, Bandosz TJ. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2013 May 23. doi:pii: S0021-9797(13)00419-0. 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.05.006.
• Nickel-cobalt hydroxides nanosheets coated on NiCo2O4 nanowires grown on carbon fiber paper for high-performance pseudocapacitors. Huang L, Liu M. Nano Lett. 2013 Jun 11.
• In situ reduction study of cobalt model Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts. du Plessis HE, Forbes RP, Barnard W, Erasmus WJ, Steuwer A. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2013 Jun 10.
• Cobalt binding in the photosynthetic bacterium R. sphaeroides by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Belviso BD, Italiano F, Caliandro R, Carrozzini B, Costanza A, Trotta M. Biometals. 2013 Jun 9.
• Gas phase catalytic hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene over cobalt phosphide catalysts with different P contents. Cecilia JA, Infantes-Molina A, Rodríguez-Castellón E, Jiménez-López A. J Hazard Mater. 2013 May 15;260C:167-175. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.013.
• A comparative study on the binding of single and double chain surfactant-cobalt(III) complexes with bovine serum albumin. Vignesh G, Sugumar K, Arunachalam S, Vignesh S, Arthur James R. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2013 May 22;113C:415-422. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.123.
• [Clinical efficacy and serum cobalt, chromium metal ion concentrations after total hip arthroplasty with three different hard-on-hard bearings]. Cheng XW, Shen B, Zheng B, Yang J, Zhou ZK, Kang PD, Pei FX. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2013 Mar;44(2):218-21, 230.
• Magnetic investigations of a two-dimensional coordination polymer with a three-dimensional supramolecular framework: poly[[bis[µ2-1,4-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane]bis(thiocyanato-?N)cobalt(II)] dihydrate]. Tao JQ, Mao D, Wang J. Acta Crystallogr C. 2013 Jun 15;69(Pt 6):597-600. doi: 10.1107/S0108270113011153.
• Cobalt porphyrins as homogeneous catalysts for water oxidation. Nakazono T, Parent AR, Sakai K. Chem Commun (Camb). 2013 Jun 6.
• Cobalt(III) as a Stable and Inert Mediator Ion between NTA and His6-Tagged Proteins. Wegner SV, Spatz JP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2013 Jun 5. doi: 10.1002/anie.201210317.
• Correction to Coordination Chemistry of 6-Thioguanine Derivatives with Cobalt: Toward Formation of Electrical Conductive One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers. Amo-Ochoa P, Alexandre SS, Hribesh S, Galindo MA, Castillo O, Gómez-García CJ, Pike AR, Soler JM, Houlton A, Harrington RW, Clegg W, Zamora F. Inorg Chem. 2013 Jun 5.
• X-ray absorption fine structure study of cobalt ion distribution in ferromagnetic Zn1-xCoxO films. Seo SY, Jeong ES, Kwak CH, Park CI, Jin Z, Kim SH, Han SW. J Phys Condens Matter. 2013 Jun 26;25(25):256005. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/25/256005.
• Mixed valence ?⁶-arene cobalt(i) and cobalt(ii) compound. Azhakar R, Ghadwal RS, Roesky HW, Hey J, Krause L, Stalke D. Dalton Trans. 2013 Jun 4.
• Homologous Recombination is Activated at Early Time Points Following Exposure to Cobalt Chloride Induced Hypoxic Conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Meena RC, Kumar N, Nath S, Chakrabarti A. Indian J Microbiol. 2012 Jun;52(2):209-14. doi: 10.1007/s12088-011-0195-1.
• Retrospective study and review of ocular radiation side effects following external-beam Cobalt-60 radiation therapy in 37 dogs and 12 cats. Pinard CL, Mutsaers AJ, Mayer MN, Woods JP. Can Vet J. 2012 Dec;53(12):1301-7.
• Evaluation of chromium, cobalt and manganese in biological samples (scalp hair, blood, and urine) of Pakistani viral hepatitis (A-E) patients and controls. Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N, Naeemullah, Arain SS, Brahman KD, Wadhwa SK. Clin Lab. 2013;59(3-4):247-56.
• {2,2'-[N,N'-Bis(pyridin-2-ylmeth-yl)propane-1,3-diyldi(nitrilo)]di-acetato}-cobalt(III) hexa-fluoridophosphate aceto-nitrile 0.064-solvate. McLauchlan CC, Kissel DS, Arnold WR, Herlinger AW. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2013 Apr 30;69(Pt 5):m296-7. doi: 10.1107/S1600536813011136.
• Bis[4-chloro-2-(quinolin-8-yl-imino-meth-yl)phenolato-?(3) N,N',O]cobalt(III) trichlorido-methano-lcobaltate(II). Luo XJ, Zhang CH, Zhou J, Liu YC. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2013 Apr 20;69(Pt 5):m278-9. doi: 10.1107/S1600536813010118.
• catena-Poly[[[di-aqua-cobalt(II)]-bis-{µ-2-[3-(4-carboxyl-atophen-yl)pyridin-1-ium-1-yl]acetato}] dihydrate]. Gao W, Zhang XM. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2013 Apr 10;69(Pt 5):m252. doi: 10.1107/S1600536813008933.
• trans-Dichlorido-tetra-kis-[(di-methyl-phosphor-yl)methanaminium-?O]cobalt(II) tetra-chloridocobaltate(II). Reiss GJ. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2013 Apr 10;69(Pt 5):m248-9. doi: 10.1107/S1600536813008945. Print 2013 May 1.

Recent Research & Development for Alloys

• Effects of ultraviolet irradiation on bonding strength between Co-Cr alloy and citric acid-crosslinked gelatin matrix. Inoue M, Sasaki M, Katada Y, Taguchi T. J Biomater Appl. 2013 Apr 22.
• Effects of Ca on microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties and biocompatibility of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys. Yin P, Li NF, Lei T, Liu L, Ouyang C. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2013 Apr 23.
• Elastic anomalies in Fe-Cr alloys. Zhang H, Wang G, Punkkinen MP, Hertzman S, Johansson B, Vitos L. J Phys Condens Matter. 2013 Apr 19;25(19):195501.
• Short range order and stability of amorphous Ge_xTe_100-x alloys (12 = x = 44.6). Jóvári P, Piarristeguy A, Escalier R, Kaban I, Bednarcik J, Pradel A. J Phys Condens Matter. 2013 Apr 19;25(19):195401.
• Effects of phosphates on microstructure and bioactivity of micro-arc oxidized calcium phosphate coatings on Mg-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy. Pan YK, Chen CZ, Wang DG, Zhao TG. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013 Mar 27;109C:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.03.026.
• Tunable Band-Gap Photoluminescence from Atomically Thin Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Alloys. Chen Y, Xi J, Dumcenco DO, Liu Z, Suenaga K, Wang D, Shuai Z, Huang YS, Xie L. ACS Nano. 2013 Apr 21.
• The CO oxidation mechanism and reactivity on PdZn alloys. Johnson RS, Delariva A, Ashbacher V, Halevi B, Villanueva CJ, Smith GK, Lin S, Datye AK, Guo H. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2013 Apr 19.
• Enhanced microwave absorbing performance of CoNi alloy nanoparticles anchored on a spherical carbon monolith. Li N, Hu C, Cao M. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2013 Apr 17.
• Examinations of Oxidation and Sulfidation of Grain Boundaries in Alloy 600 Exposed to Simulated Pressurized Water Reactor Primary Water. Schreiber DK, Olszta MJ, Saxey DW, Kruska K, Moore KL, Lozano-Perez S, Bruemmer SM. Microsc Microanal. 2013 Apr 17:1-12.
• Influence of substrate metal alloy type on the properties of hydroxyapatite coatings deposited using a novel ambient temperature deposition technique. Barry JN, Cowley A, McNally PJ, Dowling DP. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2013 Apr 16. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.34755.

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