American Elements specializes in producing high purity Cobalt Chromium Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Cobalt as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Cobalt is a Block D, Group 9, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Cobalt's shells is 2, 8, 15, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d7 4s2. In its elemental form cobalt's CAS number is 7440-48-4. The cobalt atom has a radius of 125.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Cobalt and its compounds are somewhat toxic by skin contact and moderately toxic by inhalation. Cobalt has a metallic permeability two thirds that of iron. It exists as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The transformation is slow and accounts in part for the wide variation in the physical properties of cobalt. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many important uses. Samarium-cobalt is one of the highest strength magnet alloys known. Cobalt compounds produce a brilliant and permanent blue color in ceramic glazes, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. Co-60 is useful as a gamma ray source. Toxicity of cobalt and its compounds are mild by skin contact and moderate by ingestion. Cobalt is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Cobalt was first discovered by George Brandt in 1737. The origin of the word Cobalt comes from the German word 'Kobalt or Kobold' which translates as "goblin", "elf" or "evil spirit". See Cobalt research below.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. They are used to coat telescope mirrors. Aluminum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Aluminum research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Tetra-kis(3-cyano-pyridine-?N)bis-(thio-cyanato-?N)cobalt(II) 1,4-dioxane disolvate.
Diehr S, Wöhlert S, Boeckmann J, Näther C.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1898. Epub 2011 Nov 30.
PMID:
22199656
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bis(2,4-dioxo-5,5-diphenyl-imidazol-idin-ido-?N)bis-(propane-1,3-diamine-?N,N')cobalt(II).
Hu X, Jiang Q, Wang D, Liu H.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1885. Epub 2011 Nov 30.
PMID:
22199646
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Poly[aqua-{?(3)-5-[(pyridin-2-ylmeth-yl)amino]-isophthalato-?N,N':O,O:O}cobalt(II)].
Zhu XH, Cheng XC.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1862. Epub 2011 Nov 30.
PMID:
22199630
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
catena-Poly[[[cis-aqua-dibromido-cobalt(II)]-?-(pyrazine-2-carb-oxy-lic acid)-?N,O:N] monohydrate].
Dares C, Fournier R, Lever AB.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1798-m1799. Epub 2011 Nov 23.
PMID:
22199583
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Poly[di-?(2)-aqua-?(5)-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato)-?(3)-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato)-cobalt(II)disodium].
Boyko AN, Golenya IA, Izotova YA, Haukka M, Prisyazhnaya EV.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1782-m1783. Epub 2011 Nov 19.
PMID:
22199572
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Diaqua-bis-(pyridine-2-sulfonato-?N,O)cobalt(II).
Li ZS, Ng SW.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1781. Epub 2011 Nov 19.
PMID:
22199571
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bis[tris-(ethyl-enediamine-?N,N')cobalt(III)] octa-kis-?-(3)-oxido-hexa-deca-?(2)-oxido-tetra-deca-oxido-?(12)-tetra-oxo-silicato-octa-molybdenum(VI)hexa-vanadium(IV,V) hexa-hydrate.
Lu YK, Tian MM, Xu SG, Lü RQ, Liu YQ.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1776-m1777. Epub 2011 Nov 19.
PMID:
22199568
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tetra-aqua-bis-(2-{[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfan-yl}acetato)-cobalt(II) monohydrate.
Yang GR, Li GT.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1746-m1747. Epub 2011 Nov 12.
PMID:
22199545
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tetra-aqua-bis-[3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoato-?N]cobalt(II).
Wang HR, Li GT.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1743. Epub 2011 Nov 12.
PMID:
22199542
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Poly[[tetra-aqua-(?(4)-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxyl-ato)(?(3)-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxyl-ato)-?(3)-sulfato-?(2)-sulfato-cobalt(II)digadolinium(III)] monohydrate].
Zhu LC.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1741-m1742. Epub 2011 Nov 12.
PMID:
22199541
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hexaaqua-cobalt(II) bis-(5-acetyl-2-hy-droxy-benzoate) dihydrate.
Han LJ, Yang SP, Fu LL, Gao HL.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1733. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22199535
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dichlorido[(4E,11E)-5,7,12,14-tetra-benzyl-7,14-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-deca-4,11-diene]cobalt(III) perchlorate.
Roy TG, Hazari SK, Barua KK, Ng SW, Tiekink ER.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1722-m1723. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22199529
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
{1,2-Bis[(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl-?N)meth-yl]benzene}-dichloridozinc(II).
Guzei IA, Spencer LC, Budhai A, Darkwa J.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1715-m1716. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22199525
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
catena-Poly[[bis-(2,4-dichloro-benzoato)bis-(methanol-?O)cobalt(II)]-?-4,4'-bipyridine-?N:N'].
Hyun MY, Kim PG, Kim C, Kim Y.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1705. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22199519
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bis(pentane-2,4-dionato-?O,O')(1,10-phenanthroline-?N,N')cobalt(II).
Perdih F.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1697. Epub 2011 Nov 5.
PMID:
22199513
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Diaqua-bis-(dihydrogen 3-aza-niumyl-1-hy-droxy-propyl-idene-1,1-di-phos-phon-ato-?O,O')cobalt(II).
Tsaryk NV, Dudko AV, Kozachkova AN, Pekhnyo VI.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1694. Epub 2011 Nov 5.
PMID:
22199511
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tetra-aqua-bis-{3-carb-oxy-5-[(4-carb-oxy-phen-yl)diazen-yl]benzoato-?O}cobalt(II) dihydrate.
Bai L, Zhao J.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1689. Epub 2011 Nov 5.
PMID:
22199506
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tetra-aqua-bis-(2-methyl-1H-imidazole-?N)cobalt(II) naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate.
Jin Y.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1686. Epub 2011 Nov 5.
PMID:
22199503
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Diaqua-bis-(dimethyl sulfoxide-?O)bis(saccharinato-?N)cobalt(II).
Potwana FS, Van Zyl WE.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1667-m1668. Epub 2011 Nov 5.
PMID:
22199492
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Pulmonary toxicity after exposure to military-relevant heavy metal tungsten alloy particles.
Roedel EQ, Cafasso DE, Lee KW, Pierce LM.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22198552
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
trans-Tetra-carbonyl-bis-[tris-(3-fluoro-phen-yl)phosphane]chromium(0).
Norlidah MN, Yazid MY, Shawkataly OB, Rosli MM, Fun HK.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1652-m1653. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
PMID:
22199480
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and characterization of La(III) encapsulated silica gel/chitosan composite and its metal uptake studies.
Gandhi MR, Meenakshi S.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197561
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electro-migration of heavy metals in an aged electroplating contaminated soil affected by the coexisting hexavalent chromium.
Zhang W, Zhuang L, Tong L, Lo IM, Qiu R.
Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197017
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Angular momentum conservation in dipolar energy transfer.
Guo D, Knight TE, McCusker JK.
Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1684-7.
PMID:
22194572
[PubMed - in process]
Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
Taylor HE, Antweiler RC, Roth DA, Alpers CN, Dileanis P.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22193863
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chromium and genomic stability.
Wise SS, Wise JP Sr.
Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22192535
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Theoretical Evaluation of Ethylene Insertion into Chromium Alkyl Bonds of Cp-Donor based Olefin Polymerization Catalysts.
Xu R, Klatt G, Enders M, Koeppel H.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22191673
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by modified corn stalk: A fixed-bed column study.
Chen S, Yue Q, Gao B, Li Q, Xu X, Fu K.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22189077
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant and Toxic-Metal Tolerant Enterococci in Fresh Feces from Urban Pigeons in Brazil.
da Silva VL, Caçador NC, da Silva CD, Fontes CO, Garcia GD, Nicoli JR, Diniz CG.
Microbes Environ. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22188908
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Revision of a tibial baseplate using a customized oxinium component in a case of suspected metal allergy. A case report.
Van Opstal N, Verheyden F.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2011 Oct;77(5):691-5.
PMID:
22187849
[PubMed - in process]
Retention Strength of Cobalt-Chromium vs Nickel-Chromium Titanium vs CP Titanium in a Cast Framework Association of Removable Partial Overdenture.
Souza JE, Silva NR, Coelho PG, Zavanelli AC, Ferracioli RC, Zavanelli RA.
J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011 May 1;12(3):179-86.
PMID:
22186813
[PubMed - in process]
Metal analysis, phytotoxic, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Khuda F, Iqbal Z, Zakiullah -, Khan A, Nasir F, Muhammad N, Khan JA, Khan MS.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jan;25(1):51-58.
PMID:
22186309
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Correlation between metal allergy and treatment outcomes after ankle fracture fixation.
So S, Harris IA, Naylor JM, Adie S, Mittal R.
J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2011 Dec;19(3):309-13.
PMID:
22184160
[PubMed - in process]
Enhancement of the acute phase response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers supplemented with chromium.
Burdick NC, Bernhard BC, Carroll JA, Rathmann RJ, Johnson BJ.
Innate Immun. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22180563
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Identification and hexavalent chromium reduction characteristics of Pannonibacter phragmitetus.
Shi Y, Chai L, Yang Z, Jing Q, Chen R, Chen Y.
Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2011 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22179413
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology.
Schneider BC, Constant SL, Patierno SR, Jurjus RA, Ceryak SM.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178736
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Circulating levels of metals are related to carotid atherosclerosis in elderly.
Lind PM, Olsén L, Lind L.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178028
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Lv X, Xu J, Jiang G, Tang J, Xu X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177747
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Airborne concentrations of metals and total dust during solid catalyst loading and unloading operations at a petroleum refinery.
Lewis RC, Gaffney SH, Le MH, Unice KM, Paustenbach DJ.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177528
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Simultaneous Synthesis of Both Rings of Chromenes via a Benzannulation/o-Quinone Methide Formation/Electrocyclization Cascade.
Majumdar N, Korthals KA, Wulff WD.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22176537
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Substrate Effects on the Wettability of Electrospun Titania-Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Fiber Mats. Jabal JM, McGarry L, Sobczyk A, Aston DE. Langmuir. 2010 Aug 17;26(16):13550-5. PubMed PMID: 20695603.
Breakage and regrowth of Al-humic flocs - effect of additional coagulant dosage. Yu WZ, Gregory J, Campos L. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Aug 15;44(16):6371-6. PubMed PMID: 20704237.
Characteristics of Lead Corrosion Scales Formed during Drinking Water Distribution and Their Potential Influence on the Release of Lead and Other Contaminants. Kim EJ, Herrera JE. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Aug 15;44(16):6054-61. PubMed PMID: 20704199.
Charge Partitioning at Gas-Solid Interfaces: Humidity Causes Electricity Buildup on Metals. Ducati TR, Simo~es LH, Galembeck F. Langmuir. 2010 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20704354.
Chronic and Acute Effects of Coal Tar Pitch Exposure and Cardiopulmonary Mortality Among Aluminum Smelter Workers. Friesen MC, Demers PA, Spinelli JJ, Eisen EA, Lorenzi MF, Le ND. Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20702507.
A practical method of determining cross-calibration factors of PET scanners by moving a point-like (22)Na radioactive source. Hasegawa T, Oda K, Wada Y, Sato Y, Yamada T, Yoshida E, Murayama H, Saito K, Takeda T, Kikuchi K. Ann Nucl Med. 2010 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20700667.
The Safety and Immunogenicity of Recombinant EBA 175-RII NG Malaria Vaccine in Healthy Adults Living in a Non-Endemic Area. El Sahly HM, Patel SM, Atmar RL, Lanford TA, Dube T, Thompson D, Lee Sim BK, Long C, Keitel WA. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2010 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20702657.
Evaluation of Heterogeneous Metal-Organic Framework Organocatalysts Prepared by Postsynthetic Modification. Garibay SJ, Wang Z, Cohen SM. Inorg Chem. 2010 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20698561.
Synthesis of 5-Amino-oxazole-4-carboxylates from alpha-Chloroglycinates. Zhang J, Coqueron PY, Vors JP, Ciufolini MA. Org Lett. 2010 Aug 10. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20698488.
Stability assessment of gas mixtures containing terpenes at nominal 5 nmol/mol contained in treated aluminum gas cylinders. Rhoderick GC. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2010 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20694720.
Contribution of Li-Ion Batteries to the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles. Notter DA, Gauch M, Widmer R, Wa¨ger P, Stamp A, Zah R, Althaus HJ. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20695466.
Radiologic evaluation of putty versus powder form of demineralized bone matrix in sinus floor elevation. Güven A, Ungör C, Cizmeci Senel F, Icten O. J Oral Implantol. 2010 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20690854.
A feasibility study using radiochromic films for fast neutron 2D passive dosimetry. Brady SL, Gunasingha R, Yoshizumi TT, Howell CR, Crowell AS, Fallin B, Tonchev AP, Dewhirst MW. Phys Med Biol. 2010 Aug 6;55(17):4977-4992. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20693612.
Safety and immunogenicity of the malaria vaccine candidate GMZ2 in malaria-exposed, adult individuals from Lambaréné, Gabon. Mordmüller B, Szywon K, Greutelaers B, Esen M, Mewono L, Treut C, Mürbeth RE, Chilengi R, Noor R, Kilama WL, Imoukhuede EB, Imbault N, Leroy O, Theisen M, Jepsen S, Milligan P, Fendel R, Kremsner PG, Issifou S. Vaccine. 2010 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20696154.
Application of advanced characterization techniques to assess DOM treatability of micro-polluted and un-polluted drinking source waters in China. Wang D, Xing L, Xie J, Chow CW, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Drikas M. Chemosphere. 2010 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20692013.
Effect of landfill characteristics on leachate organic matter properties and coagulation treatability. Comstock SE, Boyer TH, Graf KC, Townsend TG. Chemosphere. 2010 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20691462.
Antimicrobial activity of commercial zeolite A on Acinetobacter junii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hrenovic J, Zeljezic D, Kopjar N, Sarpola A, Bronic J, Sekovanic L. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20705392.
[Rapid elimination of surface organophosphorous pollutants using hydroxyl radical]. Yang XL, Bai MD, Han F. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2010 Jun;31(6):1670-4. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 20698288.
[Relationship among coagulation effect of Al-based coagulant, content and speciation of residual aluminum]. Yang ZL, Gao BY, Yue QY, Jiang YS. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2010 Jun;31(6):1542-7. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 20698270.
The use of aluminum nanostructures as platforms for metal enhanced fluorescence of the intrinsic emission of biomolecules in the ultra-violet. Chowdhury MH, Ray K, Gray SK, Pond J, Lakowicz JR. Proc Soc Photo Opt Instrum Eng. 2010 Feb;7577:75770O. PubMed PMID: 20706552.
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
in Charlotte, North Carolina
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Cobalt as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Cobalt is a Block D, Group 9, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Cobalt's shells is 2, 8, 15, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d7 4s2. In its elemental form cobalt's CAS number is 7440-48-4. The cobalt atom has a radius of 125.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Cobalt and its compounds are somewhat toxic by skin contact and moderately toxic by inhalation. Cobalt has a metallic permeability two thirds that of iron. It exists as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The transformation is slow and accounts in part for the wide variation in the physical properties of cobalt. It is alloyed with iron, nickel and other metals to make Alnico, an alloy of unusual magnetic strength with many 
important 
uses. Samarium-cobalt is one of the highest strength magnet alloys known. Cobalt compounds produce a brilliant and permanent blue color in ceramic glazes, glass, pottery, tiles, and enamels. Co-60 is useful as a gamma ray source. Toxicity of cobalt and its compounds are mild by skin contact and moderate by ingestion. Cobalt is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Cobalt was first discovered by George Brandt in 1737. The origin of the word Cobalt comes from the German word 'Kobalt or Kobold' which translates as "goblin", "elf" or "evil spirit". See Cobalt research below.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent 
chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions 
for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many
industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission 
lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. They are used to coat telescope mirrors. Aluminum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Aluminum research below.
