Chromium Boride is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
trans-Tetra-carbonyl-bis-[tris-(3-fluoro-phen-yl)phosphane]chromium(0).
Norlidah MN, Yazid MY, Shawkataly OB, Rosli MM, Fun HK.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1652-m1653. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
PMID:
22199480
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and characterization of La(III) encapsulated silica gel/chitosan composite and its metal uptake studies.
Gandhi MR, Meenakshi S.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197561
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electro-migration of heavy metals in an aged electroplating contaminated soil affected by the coexisting hexavalent chromium.
Zhang W, Zhuang L, Tong L, Lo IM, Qiu R.
Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197017
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Angular momentum conservation in dipolar energy transfer.
Guo D, Knight TE, McCusker JK.
Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1684-7.
PMID:
22194572
[PubMed - in process]
Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
Taylor HE, Antweiler RC, Roth DA, Alpers CN, Dileanis P.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22193863
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chromium and genomic stability.
Wise SS, Wise JP Sr.
Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22192535
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Theoretical Evaluation of Ethylene Insertion into Chromium Alkyl Bonds of Cp-Donor based Olefin Polymerization Catalysts.
Xu R, Klatt G, Enders M, Koeppel H.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22191673
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by modified corn stalk: A fixed-bed column study.
Chen S, Yue Q, Gao B, Li Q, Xu X, Fu K.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22189077
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant and Toxic-Metal Tolerant Enterococci in Fresh Feces from Urban Pigeons in Brazil.
da Silva VL, Caçador NC, da Silva CD, Fontes CO, Garcia GD, Nicoli JR, Diniz CG.
Microbes Environ. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22188908
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Revision of a tibial baseplate using a customized oxinium component in a case of suspected metal allergy. A case report.
Van Opstal N, Verheyden F.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2011 Oct;77(5):691-5.
PMID:
22187849
[PubMed - in process]
Retention Strength of Cobalt-Chromium vs Nickel-Chromium Titanium vs CP Titanium in a Cast Framework Association of Removable Partial Overdenture.
Souza JE, Silva NR, Coelho PG, Zavanelli AC, Ferracioli RC, Zavanelli RA.
J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011 May 1;12(3):179-86.
PMID:
22186813
[PubMed - in process]
Metal analysis, phytotoxic, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Khuda F, Iqbal Z, Zakiullah -, Khan A, Nasir F, Muhammad N, Khan JA, Khan MS.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jan;25(1):51-58.
PMID:
22186309
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Correlation between metal allergy and treatment outcomes after ankle fracture fixation.
So S, Harris IA, Naylor JM, Adie S, Mittal R.
J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2011 Dec;19(3):309-13.
PMID:
22184160
[PubMed - in process]
Enhancement of the acute phase response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers supplemented with chromium.
Burdick NC, Bernhard BC, Carroll JA, Rathmann RJ, Johnson BJ.
Innate Immun. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22180563
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Identification and hexavalent chromium reduction characteristics of Pannonibacter phragmitetus.
Shi Y, Chai L, Yang Z, Jing Q, Chen R, Chen Y.
Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2011 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22179413
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology.
Schneider BC, Constant SL, Patierno SR, Jurjus RA, Ceryak SM.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178736
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Circulating levels of metals are related to carotid atherosclerosis in elderly.
Lind PM, Olsén L, Lind L.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178028
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Lv X, Xu J, Jiang G, Tang J, Xu X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177747
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Airborne concentrations of metals and total dust during solid catalyst loading and unloading operations at a petroleum refinery.
Lewis RC, Gaffney SH, Le MH, Unice KM, Paustenbach DJ.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177528
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Simultaneous Synthesis of Both Rings of Chromenes via a Benzannulation/o-Quinone Methide Formation/Electrocyclization Cascade.
Majumdar N, Korthals KA, Wulff WD.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22176537
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Boride
Effects of heat treatment on evolution of microstructure of boron free and boron containing biomedical Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloys.
Majumdar P.
Micron. 2012 Mar 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22459252
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Boron oxynitride nanoclusters on tungsten trioxide as a metal-free cocatalyst for photocatalytic oxygen evolution from water splitting.
Xie YP, Liu G, Lu GQ, Cheng HM.
Nanoscale. 2012 Feb 21;4(4):1267-70. Epub 2012 Jan 13.
PMID:
22241455
[PubMed - in process]
Effect of the disinfection agents chlorine, UV irradiation, silver ions, and TiO2 nanoparticles/near-UV on DNA molecules.
Van Aken B, Lin LS.
Water Sci Technol. 2011;64(6):1226-32.
PMID:
22214074
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Crystal structure refinement and bonding patterns of CrB4: a boron-rich boride with a framework of tetrahedrally coordinated B atoms.
Knappschneider A, Litterscheid C, Kurzman J, Seshadri R, Albert B.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 7;50(21):10540-2. Epub 2011 Oct 10.
PMID:
21985336
[PubMed]
Tailored materials for high-performance MgB(2) wire.
Kim JH, Oh S, Kumakura H, Matsumoto A, Heo YU, Song KS, Kang YM, Maeda M, Rindfleisch M, Tomsic M, Choi S, Dou SX.
Adv Mater. 2011 Nov 9;23(42):4942-6. doi: 10.1002/adma.201101243. Epub 2011 Sep 28. No abstract available.
PMID:
21956864
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Synthesis, characterization, and electronic structure of new type of heterometallic boride clusters.
Bose SK, Geetharani K, Sahoo S, Reddy KH, Varghese B, Jemmis ED, Ghosh S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 3;50(19):9414-22. Epub 2011 Aug 29.
PMID:
21875060
[PubMed]
Scaffolding, ladders, chains, and rare ferrimagnetism in intermetallic borides: synthesis, crystal chemistry and magnetism.
Goerens C, Brgoch J, Miller GJ, Fokwa BP.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jul 4;50(13):6289-96. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
PMID:
21634389
[PubMed]
Wet-chemical synthesis of nanoscale iron boride, XAFS analysis and crystallisation to a-FeB.
Rades S, Kornowski A, Weller H, Albert B.
Chemphyschem. 2011 Jun 20;12(9):1756-60. doi: 10.1002/cphc.201001072. Epub 2011 May 12.
PMID:
21567704
[PubMed]
Nickel bis-muth boride, Ni(23-x)Bi(x)B(6) [x = 2.44 (1)].
Berthebaud D, Sato A, Mori T.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jan 15;67(Pt 2):i17.
PMID:
21522814
[PubMed]
Thermal and stress studies of normal incidence Mo/B4C multilayers for a 6.7 nm wavelength.
Barthelmess M, Bajt S.
Appl Opt. 2011 Apr 10;50(11):1610-9. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.001610.
PMID:
21478937
[PubMed]
New nickel gallium boride, B14Ga3Ni27: synthesis and crystal structure.
Tillard M, Belin C.
Inorg Chem. 2011 May 2;50(9):3907-12. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
PMID:
21469649
[PubMed]
A general solution route toward metal boride nanocrystals.
Portehault D, Devi S, Beaunier P, Gervais C, Giordano C, Sanchez C, Antonietti M.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Mar 28;50(14):3262-5. doi: 10.1002/anie.201006810. Epub 2011 Feb 25. No abstract available.
PMID:
21432954
[PubMed]
Complete titanium substitution by boron in a tetragonal prism: exploring the complex boride series Ti(3-x)Ru(5-y)Ir(y)B(2+x) (0 = x = 1 and 1 < y < 3) by experiment and theory.
Fokwa BP, Hermus M.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Apr 18;50(8):3332-41. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
PMID:
21428308
[PubMed - in process]
Two-dimensional intrinsic ferromagnetism at nitride-boride interfaces.
Gohda Y, Tsuneyuki S.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Jan 28;106(4):047201. Epub 2011 Jan 25.
PMID:
21405354
[PubMed]
A General Solution Route toward Metal Boride Nanocrystals.
Portehault D, Devi S, Beaunier P, Gervais C, Giordano C, Sanchez C, Antonietti M.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Mar 7. doi: 10.1002/anie.201101207. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21384481
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
LiB(12) PC, the First Boron-Rich Metal Boride with Phosphorus-Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hardness, Spectroscopic Investigations.
Vojteer N, Sagawe V, Stauffer J, Schroeder M, Hillebrecht H.
Chemistry. 2011 Feb 9. doi: 10.1002/chem.201002968. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21308812
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of laser pulsing on analysis of steels by atom probe tomography.
Liu F, Andrén HO.
Ultramicroscopy. 2011 May;111(6):633-41. Epub 2010 Dec 19.
PMID:
21239116
[PubMed]
Binary boron-rich borides of magnesium: single-crystal investigations and properties of MgB(7) and the new boride Mg(~5)B(44).
Pediaditakis A, Schroeder M, Sagawe V, Ludwig T, Hillebrecht H.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Dec 6;49(23):10882-93. Epub 2010 Nov 2.
PMID:
21043472
[PubMed]
A photoelectrochemical immunosensor based on Au-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays for the detection of a-synuclein.
An Y, Tang L, Jiang X, Chen H, Yang M, Jin L, Zhang S, Wang C, Zhang W.
Chemistry. 2010 Dec 27;16(48):14439-46.
PMID:
21038326
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Study on boron-film thermal neutron converter prepared by pulsed laser deposition.
Song ZF, Ye SZ, Chen ZY, Song L, Shen J.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Feb;69(2):443-7. Epub 2010 Sep 25.
PMID:
20951052
[PubMed]
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