Chromium Ruthenium Metal is
available as disc, granules, Ingot, pellets, powder, rod, wire, foil, and sputtering target. See research below. Ultra high purity and high purity forms also include metal powder, submicron powder and nanoscale, quantum dots, targets for thin film deposition, pellets for evaporation and single crystal or polycrystalline forms. Elements can also be introduced into alloys or other systems as compounds such as fluorides, oxides or chlorides or as solutions. Chromium Ruthenium Metal is generally immediately available in most volumes.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. See Chromium research below.
Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is very toxic and Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered carcinogen. Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogensulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmiumsulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia. See Ruthenium research below.
trans-Tetra-carbonyl-bis-[tris-(3-fluoro-phen-yl)phosphane]chromium(0).
Norlidah MN, Yazid MY, Shawkataly OB, Rosli MM, Fun HK.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1652-m1653. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
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Preparation and characterization of La(III) encapsulated silica gel/chitosan composite and its metal uptake studies.
Gandhi MR, Meenakshi S.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
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22197561
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Electro-migration of heavy metals in an aged electroplating contaminated soil affected by the coexisting hexavalent chromium.
Zhang W, Zhuang L, Tong L, Lo IM, Qiu R.
Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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22197017
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Angular momentum conservation in dipolar energy transfer.
Guo D, Knight TE, McCusker JK.
Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1684-7.
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Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
Taylor HE, Antweiler RC, Roth DA, Alpers CN, Dileanis P.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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Chromium and genomic stability.
Wise SS, Wise JP Sr.
Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
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A Theoretical Evaluation of Ethylene Insertion into Chromium Alkyl Bonds of Cp-Donor based Olefin Polymerization Catalysts.
Xu R, Klatt G, Enders M, Koeppel H.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by modified corn stalk: A fixed-bed column study.
Chen S, Yue Q, Gao B, Li Q, Xu X, Fu K.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
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Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant and Toxic-Metal Tolerant Enterococci in Fresh Feces from Urban Pigeons in Brazil.
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Revision of a tibial baseplate using a customized oxinium component in a case of suspected metal allergy. A case report.
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Acta Orthop Belg. 2011 Oct;77(5):691-5.
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Retention Strength of Cobalt-Chromium vs Nickel-Chromium Titanium vs CP Titanium in a Cast Framework Association of Removable Partial Overdenture.
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Identification and hexavalent chromium reduction characteristics of Pannonibacter phragmitetus.
Shi Y, Chai L, Yang Z, Jing Q, Chen R, Chen Y.
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Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology.
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Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
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Circulating levels of metals are related to carotid atherosclerosis in elderly.
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Sci Total Environ. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
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Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Lv X, Xu J, Jiang G, Tang J, Xu X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
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Airborne concentrations of metals and total dust during solid catalyst loading and unloading operations at a petroleum refinery.
Lewis RC, Gaffney SH, Le MH, Unice KM, Paustenbach DJ.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
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Simultaneous Synthesis of Both Rings of Chromenes via a Benzannulation/o-Quinone Methide Formation/Electrocyclization Cascade.
Majumdar N, Korthals KA, Wulff WD.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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Carbene-based ruthenium photosensitizers.
Chen HS, Chang WC, Su C, Li TY, Hsu NM, Tingare YS, Li CY, Shie JH, Li WR.
Dalton Trans. 2011 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
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The effects of jatrorrhizine on contractile responses of rat ileum.
Yuan J, Zhou J, Hu Z, Ji G, Xie J, Wu D.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 May 11. [Epub ahead of print]
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Electron Mobility and Injection Dynamics in Mesoporous ZnO, SnO2, and TiO2 Films used in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
Tiwana P, Docampo P, Johnston MB, Snaith HJ, Herz LM.
ACS Nano. 2011 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
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Stoichiometric photoisomerization of mononuclear ruthenium(II) monoaquo complexes controlling redox properties and water oxidation catalysis.
Yamazaki H, Hakamata T, Komi M, Yagi M.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
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Enhancements in travelling wave ion mobility resolution.
Giles K, Williams JP, Campuzano I.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Jun 15;25(11):1559-66. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5013.
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Design and Development of Functionalized Cyclometalated Ruthenium Chromophores for Light-Harvesting Applications.
Robson KC, Koivisto BD, Yella A, Sporinova B, Nazeeruddin MK, Baumgartner T, Gra?tzel M, Berlinguette CP.
Inorg Chem. 2011 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]
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Electropolymerization of a Ruthenium(II) Bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine Complex to Form a Novel Ru-Containing Conducting Metallopolymer.
Zhu XJ, Holliday BJ.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2010 May 12;31(9-10):904-9. doi: 10.1002/marc.200900902. Epub 2010 Apr 6.
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Dual emission from highly conjugated 2,2':6':2?-terpyridine complexes-a potential route to white emitters.
Siebert R, Winter A, Dietzek B, Schubert US, Popp J.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2010 May 12;31(9-10):883-8. doi: 10.1002/marc.200900894. Epub 2010 Mar 19.
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?-Conjugated Donor and Donor-Acceptor Metallo-Polymers.
Wild A, Schlütter F, Pavlov GM, Friebe C, Festag G, Winter A, Hager MD, Cimrová V, Schubert US.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2010 May 12;31(9-10):868-74. doi: 10.1002/marc.200900889. Epub 2010 Apr 16.
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Shape-Persistent, Truxene-Based, Nano-Sized Bisterpyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties.
Wang JL, Chan YT, Moorefield CN, Pei J, Modarelli DA, Romano NC, Newkome GR.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2010 May 12;31(9-10):850-5. doi: 10.1002/marc.200900874. Epub 2010 Mar 19.
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Preparation of hexacoordinating benzimidazole containing ligand and hexakis(benzimidazole-ruthenium(ii)) complex. Molecular structure of C(6){CH(2)-(N-benzimidazole-RuCl(2)(p-cymene))}(6).
Pozgan F, Toupet L, Dixneuf PH.
Dalton Trans. 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]
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Preparation of secondary and tertiary amines from nitroarenes and alcohols.
Lee CC, Liu ST.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 May 17. [Epub ahead of print]
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Reactivity, photolability, and computational studies of the ruthenium nitrosyl complex with a substituted cyclam fac-[Ru(NO)Cl(2)(?(3)N(4),N(8),N(11)(1-carboxypropyl)cyclam)]Cl·H(2)O.
Doro FG, Pepe IM, Galembeck SE, Carlos RM, da Rocha ZN, Bertotti M, Tfouni E.
Dalton Trans. 2011 May 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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Acidosis environment promotes osteoclast formation by acting on the last phase of preosteoclast differentiation: A study to elucidate the action points of acidosis and search for putative target molecules.
Kato K, Morita I.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 May 8. [Epub ahead of print]
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Mast-cell degranulation induced by physical stimuli involves the activation of Transient-Receptor-Potential Channel TRPV2.
Zhang D, Spielmann A, Wang L, Ding G, Huang F, Gu Q, Schwarz W.
Physiol Res. 2011 May 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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Protonolysis of a Ruthenium-Carbene Bond and Applications in Olefin Metathesis.
Keitz BK, Bouffard J, Bertrand G, Grubbs RH.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 May 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Quinolines Using Phosphine-Free Chiral Cationic Ruthenium Catalysts: Scope, Mechanism, and Origin of Enantioselectivity.
Wang T, Zhuo LG, Li Z, Chen F, Ding Z, He Y, Fan QH, Xiang JF, Yu ZX, Chan AS.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 May 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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21574550
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Synthesis of Highly Stable 1,3-Diaryl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes and their Applications in Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis.
Bouffard J, Keitz BK, Tonner R, Lavallo V, Guisado-Barrios G, Frenking G, Grubbs RH, Bertrand G.
Organometallics. 2011 Mar 9;30(9):2617-2627.
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Synthesis, cellular uptake, apopotosis, cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, interaction with DNA and antioxidant activity of ruthenium(II) complexes.
Huang HL, Li ZZ, Liang ZH, Yao JH, Liu YJ.
Eur J Med Chem. 2011 Apr 29. [Epub ahead of print]
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Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis, Cellular Uptake, Cell Cycle Arrest, Photocleavage, and Antioxidant Activity of 1, 10-Phenanthroline Ruthenium(II) Complexes.
Liu YJ, Li ZZ, Liang ZH, Yao JH, Huang HL.
DNA Cell Biol. 2011 May 13. [Epub ahead of print]
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Recent Research & Development for Metals
Rapid syntheses of a metal-organic framework material Cu(3)(BTC)(2)(H(2)O)(3) under microwave: a quantitative analysis of accelerated syntheses. Khan NA, Haque E, Jhung SH. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Mar 20;12(11):2625-31. Epub 2010 Jan 6. PMID: 20200739 [PubMed - in process]
Improved reliability from a plasma-assisted metal-insulator-metal capacitor comprising a high-k HfO(2) film on a flexible polyimide substrate. Singh Meena J, Chu MC, Kuo SW, Chang FC, Ko FH. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Mar 20;12(11):2582-9. Epub 2010 Jan 26. PMID: 20200734 [PubMed - in process]
Rational synthesis and characterization of porous Cu(ii) coordination polymers. Noro S. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Mar 20;12(11):2519-31. Epub 2010 Jan 18. PMID: 20200727 [PubMed - in process]
Construction of a monoanionic S,N,S-pincer ligand with a pyrrole core by sequential [1,2] phospho-Fries rearrangement. Characterization of palladium and silver coordination complexes. Fraix A, Lutz M, Spek AL, Gebbink RJ, van Koten G, Salaün JY, Jaffrès PA. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2942-6. Epub 2010 Feb 5. PMID: 20200723 [PubMed - in process]
Zwitterionic dicopper helicates: anion encapsulation and binding studies. Wenzel M, Bruere SR, Knapp QW, Tasker PA, Plieger PG. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2936-41. Epub 2010 Feb 8. PMID: 20200722 [PubMed - in process]
Organic-soluble optically pure anionic metal complexes PPh(4)[M(III)(S,S-EDDS)].2H(2)O (M = Fe, Co, Cr). Chmel NP, Howson SE, Allan LE, Barker J, Clarkson GJ, Turner SS, Scott P. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2919-27. Epub 2010 Feb 9. PMID: 20200720 [PubMed - in process]
Crystallographic elucidation of purely structural, thermal and light-induced spin transitions in an iron(ii) binuclear complex. Kaiba A, Shepherd HJ, Fedaoui D, Rosa P, Goeta AE, Rebbani N, Létard JF, Guionneau P. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2910-8. Epub 2010 Feb 9. PMID: 20200719 [PubMed - in process]
Anionic zinc-trimesic acid MOFs with unusual topologies: Reversible hydration studies. Davies K, Bourne SA, Ohrström L, Oliver CL. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2869-74. Epub 2010 Feb 5. PMID: 20200714 [PubMed - in process]
A hexadentate bis(thiosemicarbazonato) ligand: rhenium(v), iron(iii) and cobalt(iii) complexes. Paterson BM, White JM, Donnelly PS. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2831-7. Epub 2010 Feb 5. PMID: 20200709 [PubMed - in process]
Cu(ii) and Ni(ii) dioxotetraamine complexes integrated with tetrathiafulvalene moiety; structures and solution chemistry. Lu ZJ, Wang JP, Zhu QY, Huo LB, Qin YR, Dai J. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2798-803. Epub 2010 Feb 9. PMID: 20200705 [PubMed - in process]
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of bis(monosubstituted-pyrazine)dihalocopper(ii). Herringer SN, Longendyke AJ, Turnbull MM, Landee CP, Wikaira JL, Jameson GB, Telfer SG. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2785-97. Epub 2010 Feb 4. PMID: 20200704 [PubMed - in process]
Tailor made synthesis of amphiphilic azoaromatics via regioselective C-N bond fusion. Comparative studies of surface properties of the two positional isomers and cobalt complexes. Joy S, Pal P, Mahato M, Talapatra GB, Goswami S. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2775-84. Epub 2010 Feb 15. PMID: 20200703 [PubMed - in process]
Rational design of diphosphorus ligands - a route to superior catalysts. Gillespie JA, Dodds DL, Kamer PC. Dalton Trans. 2010 Mar 21;39(11):2751-64. Epub 2010 Jan 4. PMID: 20200699 [PubMed - in process]
Revascularization options in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ashrith G, Elayda MA, Wilson JM. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37(1):9-18. PMID: 20200622 [PubMed - in process]
[Antiplatelet treatment after percutaneous coronary intervention in a patient with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.] Can MM, Tanboga IH, Boztosun B, Kaymaz C. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2009 Dec;37(8):575-7. Turkish.
Imaging and manipulation of the competing electronic phases near the Mott metal-insulator transition. Kim TH, Angst M, Hu B, Jin R, Zhang XG, Wendelken JF, Plummer EW, Li AP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20200312 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Respiratory Symptoms and Exposure-Response Relations in Workers exposed to Metalworking Fluid Aerosols. Lillienberg L, Andersson EM, Järvholm B, Torén K. Ann Occup Hyg. 2010 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20200090 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influences of properties of protein and adsorption surface on removal kinetics of protein adsorbed on metal surface by H(2)O(2)-electrolysis treatment. Imamura K, Oshita M, Iwai M, Kuroda T, Watanabe I, Sakiyama T, Nakanishi K. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010 Feb 1. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20199779 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Estimation of Risk Assessment of Some Heavy Metals Intake Through Black Scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) Consumption in Portugal. Cardoso C, Farias I, Costa V, Nunes M, Gordo L. Risk Anal. 2010 Feb 23. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20199650 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Spectroscopic and Computational Studies of a mu-eta(2):eta(2)-Disulfido-Bridged Dinickel(II) Species, [{(PhTt(tBu))Ni}(2)(mu-eta(2):eta(2)-S(2))]: Comparison of Side-On Disulfido and Peroxo Bonding in (Ni(II))(2) and (Cu(II))(2) Species. Van Heuvelen KM, Cho J, Riordan CG, Brunold TC. Inorg Chem. 2010 Mar 3. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 20199100 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved.
Chromium Ruthenium Metal is
available as disc, granules, Ingot, pellets, powder, rod, wire, foil, and sputtering target. See research below. Ultra high purity and high purity forms also include metal powder, submicron powder and nanoscale, quantum dots, targets for thin film deposition, pellets for evaporation and single crystal or polycrystalline forms. Elements can also be introduced into alloys or other systems as compounds such as fluorides, oxides or chlorides or as solutions. Chromium Ruthenium Metal is generally immediately available in most volumes.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. See Chromium research below.
Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is very toxic and Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered carcinogen. Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmium sulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia. See Ruthenium research below. 
