CTH:YAG (Cr,Tm,Ho:YAG) is a crystalline solid used in photo optic applications. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting frelevant units of measurement.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Thulium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Thulium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f136s2. In its elemental form thulium's CAS number is 7440-30-4. The thulium atom has a radius of 172.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Thulium is not toxic. Thulium is representative of the other lanthanides (rare earths) similar in chemistry to Yttrium. Thulium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Thulium emits blue upon excitation. Flat panel screens depend critically on bright blue emitters. Also, under X-ray bombardment emissions are in both the 375 nm (ultra violet) and 465 (visible blue) wave lengths. This gives the material useful applications in low radiation detection for detection badges and similar uses. It is also used in other luminescence applications, such as halide discharge lamps. Thulium was first discovered by Theodore Cleve in 1879. Thulium is named after "Thule", which is the ancient name of Scandinavia. See Thulium research below.
Holmium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Holmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f11 6s2. In its elemental form holmium's CAS number is 7440-60-0. The holmium atom has a radius of 174.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Holmium is only slightly toxic. Holmium has the highest magnetic moment (10.6µB) of any naturally occurring element. Because of this it has been used to create the highest known magnetic fields by placing it within high strength magnets as a pole piece or magnetic flux concentrator. This magnetic property also has value in yttrium-iron-garnet(YIG) lasers for microwave equipment. Holmium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Holmium lases at a human eye safe 2.08 microns allowing its use in a variety of medical and dental applications in both yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride (YLF) solid state lasers. The wavelength allows for use in silica fibers designed for shorter wavelengths while still providing the cutting strength of longer wave length equipment. Holmium was first discovered by J.L. Soret in 1878. See Holmium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
trans-Tetra-carbonyl-bis-[tris-(3-fluoro-phen-yl)phosphane]chromium(0).
Norlidah MN, Yazid MY, Shawkataly OB, Rosli MM, Fun HK.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1652-m1653. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
PMID:
22199480
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and characterization of La(III) encapsulated silica gel/chitosan composite and its metal uptake studies.
Gandhi MR, Meenakshi S.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Nov 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197561
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electro-migration of heavy metals in an aged electroplating contaminated soil affected by the coexisting hexavalent chromium.
Zhang W, Zhuang L, Tong L, Lo IM, Qiu R.
Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22197017
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Angular momentum conservation in dipolar energy transfer.
Guo D, Knight TE, McCusker JK.
Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1684-7.
PMID:
22194572
[PubMed - in process]
Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
Taylor HE, Antweiler RC, Roth DA, Alpers CN, Dileanis P.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22193863
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chromium and genomic stability.
Wise SS, Wise JP Sr.
Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22192535
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Theoretical Evaluation of Ethylene Insertion into Chromium Alkyl Bonds of Cp-Donor based Olefin Polymerization Catalysts.
Xu R, Klatt G, Enders M, Koeppel H.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22191673
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by modified corn stalk: A fixed-bed column study.
Chen S, Yue Q, Gao B, Li Q, Xu X, Fu K.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22189077
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant and Toxic-Metal Tolerant Enterococci in Fresh Feces from Urban Pigeons in Brazil.
da Silva VL, Caçador NC, da Silva CD, Fontes CO, Garcia GD, Nicoli JR, Diniz CG.
Microbes Environ. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22188908
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Revision of a tibial baseplate using a customized oxinium component in a case of suspected metal allergy. A case report.
Van Opstal N, Verheyden F.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2011 Oct;77(5):691-5.
PMID:
22187849
[PubMed - in process]
Retention Strength of Cobalt-Chromium vs Nickel-Chromium Titanium vs CP Titanium in a Cast Framework Association of Removable Partial Overdenture.
Souza JE, Silva NR, Coelho PG, Zavanelli AC, Ferracioli RC, Zavanelli RA.
J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011 May 1;12(3):179-86.
PMID:
22186813
[PubMed - in process]
Metal analysis, phytotoxic, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Khuda F, Iqbal Z, Zakiullah -, Khan A, Nasir F, Muhammad N, Khan JA, Khan MS.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jan;25(1):51-58.
PMID:
22186309
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Correlation between metal allergy and treatment outcomes after ankle fracture fixation.
So S, Harris IA, Naylor JM, Adie S, Mittal R.
J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2011 Dec;19(3):309-13.
PMID:
22184160
[PubMed - in process]
Enhancement of the acute phase response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers supplemented with chromium.
Burdick NC, Bernhard BC, Carroll JA, Rathmann RJ, Johnson BJ.
Innate Immun. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22180563
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Identification and hexavalent chromium reduction characteristics of Pannonibacter phragmitetus.
Shi Y, Chai L, Yang Z, Jing Q, Chen R, Chen Y.
Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2011 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22179413
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology.
Schneider BC, Constant SL, Patierno SR, Jurjus RA, Ceryak SM.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178736
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Circulating levels of metals are related to carotid atherosclerosis in elderly.
Lind PM, Olsén L, Lind L.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Dec 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22178028
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions.
Lv X, Xu J, Jiang G, Tang J, Xu X.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177747
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Airborne concentrations of metals and total dust during solid catalyst loading and unloading operations at a petroleum refinery.
Lewis RC, Gaffney SH, Le MH, Unice KM, Paustenbach DJ.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22177528
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Simultaneous Synthesis of Both Rings of Chromenes via a Benzannulation/o-Quinone Methide Formation/Electrocyclization Cascade.
Majumdar N, Korthals KA, Wulff WD.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22176537
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Thulium
Poly[[triaqua-(?(3)-4-oxidopyridine-2,6-dicarboxyl-ato)thulium(III)] monohydrate].
Gao ZQ, Lv DY, Gu JZ, Li HJ.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Apr 1;67(Pt 4):m409. Epub 2011 Mar 9.
PMID:
21753941
[PubMed]
Natural orifice (NOTES) transurethral sutureless radical prostatectomy with thulium laser support: first patient report.
Nagele U, Anastasiadis AG, Walcher U, Nicklas AP, Merseburger AS, Herrmann TR.
World J Urol. 2011 Jul 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21739124
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A highly selective fluorescent probe for pyrophosphate detection in aqueous solutions.
Ganjali MR, Hosseini M, Aboufazeli F, Faridbod F, Goldooz H, Badiei AR.
Luminescence. 2011 Jul 7. doi: 10.1002/bio.1316. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21735538
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Novel technique for mode selection in a multimode fiber laser.
Daniel JM, Chan JS, Kim JW, Sahu JK, Ibsen M, Clarkson WA.
Opt Express. 2011 Jun 20;19(13):12434-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.012434.
PMID:
21716482
[PubMed - in process]
13.1 W, high-beam-quality, narrow-linewidth continuous-wave fiber-based source at 970 nm.
Devi K, Kumar SC, Ebrahim-Zadeh M.
Opt Express. 2011 Jun 6;19(12):11631-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.011631.
PMID:
21716396
[PubMed - in process]
Plasmonic enhanced emissions from cubic NaYF(4):Yb: Er/Tm nanophosphors.
Sudheendra L, Ortalan V, Dey S, Browning ND, Kennedy IM.
Chem Mater. 2011 Jun 14;23(11):2987-2993.
PMID:
21709812
[PubMed]
Theoretical Treatment of Redox Processes Involving Lanthanide(II) Compounds: Reactivity of Organosamarium(II) and Organothulium(II) Complexes with CO(2) and Pyridine.
Labouille S, Nief F, Maron L.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21675778
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[170Tm]-Labeled ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid.
Chopra A.
Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2011.
2011 Apr 27 [updated 2011 May 26].
PMID:
21656985
[PubMed]
Determination of rare earth elements and other trace elements (Y, Mn, Co, Cr) in seawater using Tm addition and Mg(OH)(2) co-precipitation.
Freslon N, Bayon G, Birot D, Bollinger C, Barrat JA.
Talanta. 2011 Jul 15;85(1):582-7. Epub 2011 May 5.
PMID:
21645745
[PubMed - in process]
Tm:YAG laser en bloc mucosectomy for accurate staging of primary bladder cancer: early experience.
Wolters M, Kramer MW, Becker JU, Christgen M, Nagele U, Imkamp F, Burchardt M, Merseburger AS, Kuczyk MA, Bach T, Gross AJ, Herrmann TR.
World J Urol. 2011 May 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21553277
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Current evidence for transurethral laser therapy of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Kramer MW, Bach T, Wolters M, Imkamp F, Gross AJ, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, Herrmann TR.
World J Urol. 2011 May 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21544662
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Development of a thulium (Tm:YAP) laser system for brain tissue ablation.
Bilici T, Mutlu S, Kalaycioglu H, Kurt A, Sennaroglu A, Gulsoy M.
Lasers Med Sci. 2011 Apr 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21484452
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Delayed presentation of a detached resectoscope beak and treatment with thulium laser.
Davis NF, McGuire BB, Flood HD.
Can Urol Assoc J. 2011 Apr;5(2):E17-8. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.10048.
PMID:
21470544
[PubMed]
High-pressure phase transitions in rare earth metal thulium to 195 GPa.
Montgomery JM, Samudrala GK, Tsoi GM, Vohra YK.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Apr 20;23(15):155701. Epub 2011 Apr 1.
PMID:
21460429
[PubMed - in process]
Superbroadband near-infrared emission in Tm-Bi codoped sodium-germanium-gallate glasses.
Zhou B, Lin H, Chen B, Pun EY.
Opt Express. 2011 Mar 28;19(7):6514-23. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.006514.
PMID:
21451680
[PubMed - in process]
Critical review of lasers in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Gravas S, Bachmann A, Reich O, Roehrborn CG, Gilling PJ, De La Rosette J.
BJU Int. 2011 Apr;107(7):1030-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09954.x. Review.
PMID:
21438974
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Determination of some heavy metals in food and environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation.
Soylak M, Aydin A.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Jun;49(6):1242-8. Epub 2011 Mar 22.
PMID:
21419188
[PubMed - in process]
Efficient diode-pumped laser operation of Tm:Lu2O3 around 2??m.
Koopmann P, Lamrini S, Scholle K, Fuhrberg P, Petermann K, Huber G.
Opt Lett. 2011 Mar 15;36(6):948-50. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.000948.
PMID:
21403738
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Comparison of high-dose rate prostate brachytherapy dose distributions with iridium-192, ytterbium-169, and thulium-170 sources.
Krishnamurthy D, Weinberg V, Cunha JA, Hsu IC, Pouliot J.
Brachytherapy. 2011 Mar 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21397569
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Theoretical modeling of fiber laser at 810 nm based on thulium-doped silica fibers with enhanced 3H4 level lifetime.
Peterka P, Kasik I, Dhar A, Dussardier B, Blanc W.
Opt Express. 2011 Jan 31;19(3):2773-81. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.002773.
PMID:
21369098
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Recent Research & Development for Holmium
EX-VIVO COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE MORCELLATION DEVICES DURING HOLEP THROUGH OBJECTIVE PARAMETERS.
Cornu JN, Terrasa JB, Lukacs B.
J Endourol. 2012 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22260635
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[A meta-analysis of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia].
Zhao CB, Li JC, Yuan PQ, Hong YQ, Lu B, Zhao SC.
Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2011 Dec;17(12):1112-20. Chinese.
PMID:
22235682
[PubMed - in process]
[Causes, location and management of BPH surgery-related urethral stricture].
Long Z, He LY, Jiang XZ, Zhang YC, Wang GM, Pei XM, Huang K.
Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2011 Dec;17(12):1097-100. Chinese.
PMID:
22235678
[PubMed - in process]
Laser Lithotripsy to Treat Basket Impaction during Mechanical Lithotripsy of a Pancreatic Duct Stone.
Hlaing C, Tarnasky P, Hambrick D.
JOP. 2011 Dec 23;13(1):101-3.
PMID:
22233959
[PubMed - in process]
Outpatient therapeutic nuclear oncology.
Turner JH.
Ann Nucl Med. 2012 Jan 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22222779
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Outcomes of transurethral removal of intravesical or intraurethral mesh following midurethral sling surgery.
Jo DJ, Lee YS, Oh TH, Ryu DS, Kwak KW.
Korean J Urol. 2011 Dec;52(12):829-34. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
PMID:
22216395
[PubMed - in process]
The efficacy and safety of ureteroscopy for ureteral calculi in pregnancy: our experience in 32 patients.
Bozkurt Y, Penbegul N, Soylemez H, Atar M, Sancaktutar AA, Yildirim K, Sak ME.
Urol Res. 2012 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22215294
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
catena-Poly[[tetra-kis-(hexa-methyl-phospho-ramide-?O)bis-(nitrato-?O,O')holmium(III)] [silver(I)-di-?-sulfido-tungstate(VI)-di-?-sulfido]].
Zeng J, Tang G, Wei C.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1724-5. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID:
22199530
[PubMed - in process]
Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
Taylor HE, Antweiler RC, Roth DA, Alpers CN, Dileanis P.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22193863
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ureterorenoscopy with Holmium-Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Fragmentation Is a Safe and Efficient Technique for Stone Treatment in Patients with a Body Mass Index Superior to 30 kg/m(2).
Delorme G, Huu YN, Lillaz J, Bernardini S, Chabannes E, Guichard G, Bittard H, Kleinclauss F.
J Endourol. 2012 Jan 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22192111
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy for Distal Ureteral Calculi: Comparative Evaluation of Three Different Lithotriptors.
Salvadó JA, Mandujano R, Saez I, Saavedra A, Dell'oro A, Dominguez J, Trucco C.
J Endourol. 2012 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22192101
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Relationship between morcellation efficiency and enucleated tissue weight in holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia].
Ishikawa R, Shitara T, Wakatabe Y, Kubo S, Hirayama T, Fujita T, Iwamura M, Baba S.
Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 2011 Sep;102(5):675-8. Japanese.
PMID:
22191275
[PubMed - in process]
First collaborative experience with thulium laser ablation of localized upper urinary tract urothelial tumors using retrograde intra-renal surgery.
Defidio L, De Dominicis M, Di Gianfrancesco L, Fuchs G, Patel A.
Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2011 Sep;83(3):147-53.
PMID:
22184839
[PubMed - in process]
Treatment of ectopic intratracheal thyroid with a holmium laser.
Hall AB, Gifford TO, Sabatini PR.
Mil Med. 2011 Nov;176(11):1325-6.
PMID:
22165664
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Characteristics of patients with fluid extravasation during retrograde ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy for renal calculi.
Luo XM, Zhang C, Qian HJ, Song C, Yang SX.
Saudi Med J. 2011 Dec;32(12):1251-5.
PMID:
22159379
[PubMed - in process]
Potential of high-Z contrast agents in clinical contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
Nowak T, Hupfer M, Brauweiler R, Eisa F, Kalender WA.
Med Phys. 2011 Dec;38(12):6469.
PMID:
22149830
[PubMed - in process]
Successful outcome of flexible ureteroscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy for renal stones 2 cm or greater.
Takazawa R, Kitayama S, Tsujii T.
Int J Urol. 2011 Dec 6. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02931.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22145599
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A case of large bladder hemangioma successfully treated with endoscopic yttrium aluminium garnet laser irradiation.
Takemoto J, Yamazaki Y, Sakai K.
Int J Urol. 2011 Dec;18(12):854-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2011.02879.x. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
PMID:
22142464
[PubMed - in process]
[Impacts of different transurethral prostatic resection procedures on male sexual function: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials].
Zong HT, Peng XX, Yang CC, Zhang Y.
Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. 2011 Nov;17(11):1014-8. Chinese.
PMID:
22141274
[PubMed - in process]
Single-operator cholangioscopy-guided laser lithotripsy in patients with difficult biliary and pancreatic ductal stones (with videos).
Maydeo A, Kwek BE, Bhandari S, Bapat M, Dhir V.
Gastrointest Endosc. 2011 Dec;74(6):1308-14.
PMID:
22136776
[PubMed - in process]
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
in Charlotte, North Carolina
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent 
chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions 
for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below. 
Thulium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Thulium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f136s2. In its elemental form thulium's CAS number is 7440-30-4. The thulium atom has a radius of 172.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Thulium is not toxic. Thulium is representative of the other lanthanides (rare earths) similar in chemistry to Yttrium. Thulium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Thulium 
emits blue
upon excitation. Flat panel screens depend critically on bright blue emitters. Also, under X-ray bombardment emissions are in both the 375 nm (ultra violet) and 465 (visible blue) wave lengths. This gives the material useful applications in low radiation detection for detection badges and similar uses. It is also used in other luminescence applications, such as halide discharge lamps. Thulium was first discovered by Theodore Cleve in 1879. Thulium is named after "Thule", which is the ancient name of Scandinavia. See Thulium research below.
Holmium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Holmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f11 6s2. In its elemental form holmium's CAS number is 7440-60-0. The holmium atom has a radius of 174.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Holmium is only slightly toxic. Holmium has the highest magnetic moment (10.6µB) of any naturally occurring 
element. Because of this it has been used to create the highest known magnetic fields by placing it within high strength magnets as a pole piece or magnetic flux concentrator. This magnetic property also has value in yttrium-iron-garnet
(YIG) lasers for microwave equipment. Holmium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Holmium lases at a human eye safe 2.08 microns allowing its use in a variety of medical and dental applications in both yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) and yttrium-lanthanum-fluoride (YLF) solid state lasers. The wavelength allows for use in silica fibers designed for shorter wavelengths while still providing the cutting strength of longer wave length equipment. Holmium was first discovered by J.L. Soret in 1878. See Holmium research below. 
