American Elements specializes in producing high purity Copper Barium Alloy Particles with the smallest possible average grain sizes for use in preparation of pressed and bonded sputtering targets and in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Metal particle powders are used in a variety of applications including, additives in paint and other coatings, in solid fuels and cements, as pigments in printing and packaging and dietary supplements in food processing. Current trends in particle usage or in development include commercialization of technologies such as rapid solidification and metal injection molding and production of dense powder metallurgy products. Copper Particles are also available as Nanoparticles (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots). Our standard Powder particle sizes average in the range of - 325 mesh, - 100 mesh, 10-50 microns and submicron (< 1 micron). We can also provide many materials in the nanoscale range. See research below.We also produce Copper as rod, ingot, pieces, pellets, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below.
Barium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Barium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 6s2. In its elemental form barium's CAS number is 7440-39-3. The barium atom has a radius of 217.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Barium powder can ignite spontaneously in air and when Barium compounds are water or acid soluble, they are very poisonous. Barium sulfate which is used in x-ray imaging, is highly insoluble in water, and consequently completely removed from the digestive tract. Barium is a member of the alkaline-earth metals. It has technical applications in glass, electronics and medicine. It is also used in paints and colorants. Electronic coatings based on barium titanate are essential to cell phones and other microelectronics. It has long been used in medical diagnostic techniques because it makes a good x-ray contrast medium. Barium is a dopant in various fluorescent lamp coating formulas. Barium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Barium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Altered intracellular localization and valosin-containing protein (p97 VCP) interaction underlie ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy.
Yi L, Donsante A, Kennerson ML, Mercer JF, Garbern JY, Kaler SG.
Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210628
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chitinolytic and Chitosanolytic Activities from Crude Cellulase Extract Produced by A. niger Grown on Apple Pomace Through Koji Fermentation.
Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Kaur S, Valero JR, Verma M.
J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec;21(12):1312-21.
PMID:
22210619
[PubMed - in process]
Structural and functional recovery of microbial biofilms after a decrease in copper exposure: Influence of the presence of pristine communities.
Lambert AS, Morin S, Artigas J, Volat B, Coquery M, Neyra M, Pesce S.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:118-126. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210500
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of copper on osmoregulation in sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus acclimated to different salinities.
Adeyemi JA, Deaton LE, Pesacreta TC, Klerks PL.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:111-117. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210499
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterization of the Chitinolytic Machinery of Enterococcus faecalis V583 and High-Resolution Structure of Its Oxidative CBM33 Enzyme.
Vaaje-Kolstad G, Bøhle LA, Gåseidnes S, Dalhus B, Bjørås M, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VG.
J Mol Biol. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210154
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrochemistry of copper(II) induced complexes in mycorrhizal maize plant tissues.
Zitka O, Merlos MA, Adam V, Ferrol N, Pohanka M, Hubalek J, Zehnalek J, Trnkova L, Kizek R.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209587
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The metal binding abilities of Megathura crenulata metallothionein (McMT) in the frame of Gastropoda MTs.
Pérez-Rafael S, Mezger A, Lieb B, Dallinger R, Capdevila M, Palacios O, Atrian S.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209022
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Photoluminescence quenching/recovery kinetics of [Ru(bpy)(2)(tatp)](2+) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(dmtatp)](2+) intercalated within DNA by copper(II) ions and EDTA.
Ji S, Chen M, Gan G, Li H, Li W.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22208960
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Peculiarities of copper binding to alpha-synuclein.
Ahmad A, Burns CS, Fink AL, Uversky VN.
J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2012 Feb;29(4):825-42.
PMID:
22208282
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Vitamin C and E Supplementation on IL-6 in response to Training.
Yfanti C, Fischer CP, Nielsen S, Akerström T, Nielsen AR, Veskoukis AS, Kouretas D, Lykkesfeldt J, Pilegaard H, Pedersen BK.
J Appl Physiol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22207723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc, Ferritin, Magnesium and Copper in a group of Egyptian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, Saber MM.
Ital J Pediatr. 2011 Dec 29;37(1):60. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206662
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intramolecular C-H Amination Leading to Imidazobenzimidazole Derivatives.
Wang X, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Fu H.
Org Lett. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206482
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High-Throughput Graphene Imaging on Arbitrary Substrates with Widefield Raman Spectroscopy.
Havener RW, Ju SY, Brown L, Wang Z, Wojcik M, Ruiz-Vargas CS, Park J.
ACS Nano. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Triarylboron-Functionalized Cu(II) Carboxylate Paddlewheel Complexes.
Blight BA, Stewart AF, Wang N, Lu JS, Wang S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206219
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Application of a topical biomimetic electrical signaling technology to photo-aging: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a galvanic zinc-copper complex.
Chantalat J, Bruning E, Sun Y, Liu JC.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2012 Jan 1;11(1):30-7.
PMID:
22206074
[PubMed - in process]
Assessment of Metal Pollution in Soils From a Former Havana (Cuba) Solid Waste Open Dump.
Díaz Rizo O, Hernández Merlo M, Echeverría Castillo F, Arado López JO.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22205471
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Coordination chemistry of copper proteins: How nature handles a toxic cargo for essential function.
Rubino JT, Franz KJ.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3;107(1):129-143. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204943
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palm oil fruit shells as biosorbent for copper removal from water and wastewater: Experiments and sorption models.
Hossain MA, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Nguyen TV.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204888
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effective and reversible DNA condensation induced by bifunctional molecules containing macrocyclic polyamines and naphthyl moieties.
Yan H, Li ZF, Guo ZF, Lu ZL, Wang F, Wu LZ.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204742
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fish quarantine: current practices in public zoos and aquaria.
Hadfield CA, Clayton LA.
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2011 Dec;42(4):641-50.
PMID:
22204059
[PubMed - in process]
The effect of frequency of calcium hydroxide dressing change and various pre- and inter-operative factors on the endodontic treatment of traumatized immature permanent incisors.
Yassen GH, Chin J, Mohammedsharif AG, Alsoufy SS, Othman SS, Eckert G.
Dent Traumatol. 2011 Nov 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.01089.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22136164
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Thirteen Years' Experience of Diaphragmatic Injury in Children from the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS), Rohtak, India.
Rattan KN, Narang R, Rohilla S, Maggu S, Dhaulakhandi DB.
Malays J Med Sci. 2011 Jan;18(1):45-51.
PMID:
22135573
[PubMed - in process]
Requirement of Potassium for the Action of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) on Frog Skin.
Jared SR, Rao JP.
Zoolog Sci. 2011 Dec;28(12):916-21.
PMID:
22132789
[PubMed - in process]
Removal efficiency of water purifier and adsorbent for iodine, cesium, strontium, barium and zirconium in drinking water.
Sato I, Kudo H, Tsuda S.
J Toxicol Sci. 2011;36(6):829-34.
PMID:
22129747
[PubMed - in process]
Compact pulse forming line using barium titanate ceramic material.
Kumar Sharma S, Deb P, Shukla R, Prabaharan T, Shyam A.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Nov;82(11):115102.
PMID:
22129008
[PubMed - in process]
Barium enema and diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Claridge LC.
BMJ. 2011 Nov 29;343:d7704. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7704. No abstract available.
PMID:
22127450
[PubMed - in process]
Preparation methods and thermal stability of Ba-Mn-Ce oxide catalyst for NO(x)-assisted soot oxidation.
Wu X, Lin F, Wang L, Weng D, Zhou Z.
J Environ Sci (China). 2011;23(7):1205-10.
PMID:
22125916
[PubMed - in process]
Mechanisms of the cerebral vasodilator actions of isoflavonoids of Gegen on rat isolated basilar artery.
Deng Y, Ng ES, Yeung JH, Kwan YW, Lau CB, Koon JC, Zhou L, Zuo Z, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lam FF.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22120017
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[A new retrievable nitinol alloy stents for treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures].
Li XH, Hu Y, Yang H, Bella AE, Fu JH.
Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2011 Nov;14(11):875-8. Chinese.
PMID:
22116724
[PubMed - in process]
Long-term follow-up of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe refractory Crohn's disease.
Hommes DW, Duijvestein M, Zelinkova Z, Stokkers PC, Ley MH, Stoker J, Voermans C, van Oers MH, Kersten MJ.
J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Dec;5(6):543-9. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
PMID:
22115372
[PubMed - in process]
A novel multipass scheme for enhancement of second harmonic generation.
Harimoto T, Yo B, Uchida K.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 7;19(23):22692-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.022692.
PMID:
22109150
[PubMed - in process]
Insight into the local structure of barium indate oxide-ion conductors: An X-ray total scattering study.
Mancini A, Shin JF, Orera A, Slater PR, Tealdi C, Ren Y, Page KL, Malavasi L.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22105971
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hiatal hernias.
Dean C, Etienne D, Carpentier B, Gielecki J, Tubbs RS, Loukas M.
Surg Radiol Anat. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22105688
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
New Volatile Strontium and Barium Imidazolate Complexes for the Deposition of Group 2 Metal Oxides.
Norman JA, Perez M, Kim MS, Lei X, Ivanov S, Derecskei-Kovacs A, Matz L, Buchanan I, Rheingold AL.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22103761
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
INDIVIDUAL-SPECIFIC TRANSGENERATIONAL MARKING OF FISH POPULATIONS BASED ON A BARIUM DUAL-ISOTOPE PROCEDURE.
Huelga-Suarez G, Moldovan M, Garcia-Valiente A, Garcia-Vazquez E, Alonso JI.
Anal Chem. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22103693
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ileorectal fistula due to a rectal cancer-A case report.
Takahashi M, Fukuda T.
Int J Surg Case Rep. 2011;2(2):20-1. Epub 2010 Nov 27.
PMID:
22096678
[PubMed - in process]
Pilot study: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of pancrealipase for the treatment of postprandial irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhoea.
Money ME, Walkowiak J, Virgilio C, Talley NJ.
Frontline Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;2(1):48-56. Epub 2010 Nov 3.
PMID:
22095308
[PubMed]
Functional antagonism of amphetamine versus ethanol on adrenergic neurotransmission in vas deferens of adolescent rats.
Silva Júnior ED, Caricati-Neto A, Jurkiewicz NH, Jurkiewicz A.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22094068
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Esophageal inlet patch.
Behrens C, Yen PP.
Radiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:460890. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
PMID:
22091379
[PubMed - in process]
C-A5-02: Is Tailored Screening for Colorectal Cancer based on Gender and Race Cost-Effective?
Flottemesch T; the Prevention Priorities Study Team.
Clin Med Res. 2011 Nov;9(3-4):174.
PMID:
22090618
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known 
copper compound. It is used as 
an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below.
Barium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Barium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 6s2. In its elemental form barium's CAS number is 7440-39-3. The barium atom has a radius of 217.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Barium powder can ignite spontaneously in air and when Barium compounds are water or acid soluble, they are very poisonous. Barium sulfate which is used in x-ray imaging, is highly insoluble in water, and consequently completely removed from the digestive tract. Barium is a member of the
alkaline-earth metals. It has technical applications in glass, electronics and medicine. It is also 
used in paints and colorants. Electronic coatings based on barium titanate are essential to cell phones and other microelectronics. It has long been used in medical diagnostic techniques because it makes a good x-ray contrast medium. Barium is a dopant in various fluorescent lamp coating formulas. Barium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties , research , applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy , abundance on Earth , conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Barium research below. 
