American Elements specializes in producing high purity Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Particles with the smallest possible average grain sizes for use in preparation of pressed and bonded sputtering targets and in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Metal particle powders are used in a variety of applications including, additives in paint and other coatings, in solid fuels and cements, as pigments in printing and packaging and dietary supplements in food processing. Current trends in particle usage or in development include commercialization of technologies such as rapid solidification and metal injection molding and production of dense powder metallurgy products. Copper Particles are also available as Nanoparticles (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots). Our standard Powder particle sizes average in the range of - 325 mesh, - 100 mesh, 10-50 microns and submicron (< 1 micron). We can also provide many materials in the nanoscale range. See research below. We also produce Copper as rod, ingot, pieces, pellets, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below.
Indium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Indium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. In its elemental form indium's CAS number is 7440-74-6. The indium atom has a radius of 162.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 193.pm. Indium is only slightly toxic. Indium has found application in semi-conductor materials and other electronic applications. It is used to make low-melting alloys, such as an alloy of 24% indium - 76% Indium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Indium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Indium is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Indium was first discovered by Ferdinand Reich in 1863. See Indium research below.
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the most important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Altered intracellular localization and valosin-containing protein (p97 VCP) interaction underlie ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy.
Yi L, Donsante A, Kennerson ML, Mercer JF, Garbern JY, Kaler SG.
Hum Mol Genet. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210628
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chitinolytic and Chitosanolytic Activities from Crude Cellulase Extract Produced by A. niger Grown on Apple Pomace Through Koji Fermentation.
Dhillon GS, Brar SK, Kaur S, Valero JR, Verma M.
J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Dec;21(12):1312-21.
PMID:
22210619
[PubMed - in process]
Structural and functional recovery of microbial biofilms after a decrease in copper exposure: Influence of the presence of pristine communities.
Lambert AS, Morin S, Artigas J, Volat B, Coquery M, Neyra M, Pesce S.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:118-126. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210500
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of copper on osmoregulation in sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus acclimated to different salinities.
Adeyemi JA, Deaton LE, Pesacreta TC, Klerks PL.
Aquat Toxicol. 2011 Dec 14;109C:111-117. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210499
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterization of the Chitinolytic Machinery of Enterococcus faecalis V583 and High-Resolution Structure of Its Oxidative CBM33 Enzyme.
Vaaje-Kolstad G, Bøhle LA, Gåseidnes S, Dalhus B, Bjørås M, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VG.
J Mol Biol. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22210154
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrochemistry of copper(II) induced complexes in mycorrhizal maize plant tissues.
Zitka O, Merlos MA, Adam V, Ferrol N, Pohanka M, Hubalek J, Zehnalek J, Trnkova L, Kizek R.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209587
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The metal binding abilities of Megathura crenulata metallothionein (McMT) in the frame of Gastropoda MTs.
Pérez-Rafael S, Mezger A, Lieb B, Dallinger R, Capdevila M, Palacios O, Atrian S.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22209022
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Photoluminescence quenching/recovery kinetics of [Ru(bpy)(2)(tatp)](2+) and [Ru(bpy)(2)(dmtatp)](2+) intercalated within DNA by copper(II) ions and EDTA.
Ji S, Chen M, Gan G, Li H, Li W.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22208960
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Peculiarities of copper binding to alpha-synuclein.
Ahmad A, Burns CS, Fink AL, Uversky VN.
J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2012 Feb;29(4):825-42.
PMID:
22208282
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Vitamin C and E Supplementation on IL-6 in response to Training.
Yfanti C, Fischer CP, Nielsen S, Akerström T, Nielsen AR, Veskoukis AS, Kouretas D, Lykkesfeldt J, Pilegaard H, Pedersen BK.
J Appl Physiol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22207723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc, Ferritin, Magnesium and Copper in a group of Egyptian Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM, Saber MM.
Ital J Pediatr. 2011 Dec 29;37(1):60. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206662
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Intramolecular C-H Amination Leading to Imidazobenzimidazole Derivatives.
Wang X, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Zhu L, Fu H.
Org Lett. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206482
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High-Throughput Graphene Imaging on Arbitrary Substrates with Widefield Raman Spectroscopy.
Havener RW, Ju SY, Brown L, Wang Z, Wojcik M, Ruiz-Vargas CS, Park J.
ACS Nano. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206260
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Triarylboron-Functionalized Cu(II) Carboxylate Paddlewheel Complexes.
Blight BA, Stewart AF, Wang N, Lu JS, Wang S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22206219
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Application of a topical biomimetic electrical signaling technology to photo-aging: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a galvanic zinc-copper complex.
Chantalat J, Bruning E, Sun Y, Liu JC.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2012 Jan 1;11(1):30-7.
PMID:
22206074
[PubMed - in process]
Assessment of Metal Pollution in Soils From a Former Havana (Cuba) Solid Waste Open Dump.
Díaz Rizo O, Hernández Merlo M, Echeverría Castillo F, Arado López JO.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22205471
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Coordination chemistry of copper proteins: How nature handles a toxic cargo for essential function.
Rubino JT, Franz KJ.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Dec 3;107(1):129-143. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204943
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Palm oil fruit shells as biosorbent for copper removal from water and wastewater: Experiments and sorption models.
Hossain MA, Ngo HH, Guo WS, Nguyen TV.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204888
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effective and reversible DNA condensation induced by bifunctional molecules containing macrocyclic polyamines and naphthyl moieties.
Yan H, Li ZF, Guo ZF, Lu ZL, Wang F, Wu LZ.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22204742
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fish quarantine: current practices in public zoos and aquaria.
Hadfield CA, Clayton LA.
J Zoo Wildl Med. 2011 Dec;42(4):641-50.
PMID:
22204059
[PubMed - in process]
Recent Research & Development for Indium
Miniaturisation of a capillary
electrophoresis microchip for the sensing of endocrine disruptors. Ha K, Joo GS, Jha SK, Yeon IJ, Kim YS. IET
Nanobiotechnol. 2010 Dec;4(4):103. PubMed PMID: 20887082.
Optical properties of indium phosphide in the
50-200? wavelength region using a reflectivity technique. Rao PN, Modi MH, Lodha GS. Appl Opt. 2010 Oct
1;49(28):5378-83. doi: 10.1364/AO.49.005378. PubMed PMID: 20885475.
Indium lung-case
reports and epidemiology. Omae K, Nakano M, Tanaka A, Hirata M, Hamaguchi T, Chonan T. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 20886351.
Electrophoretic
Deposition of Phthalocyanine in Organic Solutions Containing Trifluoroacetic
Acid. Shrestha NK, Kohn H, Imamura M, Irie K, Ogihara H, Saji T. Langmuir. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20886893.
Spontaneous Surface
Flattening via Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Interdiffusing Polyelectrolyte
Multilayers. Kim YH, Lee YM, Park J, Ko MJ, Park JH, Jung W, Yoo PJ. Langmuir. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20883048.
Metrological Triangle for Measurements
of Isotope Amount Ratios of Silver, Indium, and Antimony Using
Multicollector-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: The 21st Century
Harvard Method. Yang L, Sturgeon RE, Mester Z, Meija J. Anal Chem. 2010 Sep 30. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20882955.
Formation of ionic bonds between a fatty-acid Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer and a
zinc oxide substrate. Ikegami K, Sugimoto T, Yoshiyama T, Maejima K, Shibata H, Tampo H, Niki S. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2010 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20880541.
Inhibition of Gap Junctional
Intercellular Communication by Toxic Metals. Vinken M, Ceelen L, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Chem Res Toxicol. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20866040.
C-oriented and {010} Facets
Exposed BiVO(4) Nanowall Films: Template-Free Fabrication and their Enhanced
Photoelectrochemical Properties. Zhou M, Zhang S, Sun Y, Wu C, Wang M, Xie Y. Chem Asian J. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20865771.
Low-Potential Photoelectrochemical Biosensing
Using Porphyrin-Functionalized TiO(2) Nanoparticles. Tu W, Dong Y, Lei J, Ju H. Anal Chem. 2010 Sep 21.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20857916.
Highly diastereoselective synthesis of
quaternary a-trifluoromethyl a-amino acids from chiral imines of
trifluoropyruvate. Min QQ, He CY, Zhou H, Zhang X. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Sep 20. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20856962.
Processing of spent platinum-based catalysts
via fusion with potassium hydrogenosulfate. Batista SG Júnior, Afonso JC. J Hazard Mater. 2010 Sep 18. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20855162.
Brain
ingress of regulatory T cells in a murine model of HIV-1 encephalitis. Gong N, Liu J, Reynolds AD, Gorantla S, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE. J
Neuroimmunol. 2010 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20846730.
Indium Flux-Growth of Eu(2)AuGe(3): A New
Germanide with an AlB(2) Superstructure. Sebastian CP, Malliakas CD, Chondroudi M, Schellenberg I, Rayaprol S,
Hoffmann RD, Po¨ttgen R, Kanatzidis MG. Inorg Chem. 2010 Sep 13. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 20836517.
One-pot electrodeposition, characterization and photoactivity of stoichiometric
copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) thin films for solar cells. Harati M, Jia J, Giffard K, Pellarin K, Hewson C, Love DA, Lau WM, Ding Z. Phys Chem
Chem Phys. 2010 Sep 13. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20835485.
Efficient and green sonochemical synthesis
of 3,3-bis(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)indolin-2-ones. Khorrami AR, Faraji F, Bazgir A. Ultrason Sonochem. 2010 Aug
14. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20843726.
AFM characterization of
spin-coated multilayered dry lipid films prepared from aqueous vesicle
suspensions. Krapf L, Dezi M, Reichstein W, Köhler J, Oellerich S. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2010 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20832257.
Indium-mediated
alkynylation of sugars: synthesis of C-glycosyl compounds bearing a protected
amino alcohol moiety. Ayed C, Palmier S, Lubin-Germain N, Uziel J, Augé J. Carbohydr Res. 2010 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20888553.
Indium-gallium segregation in CuIn(x)Ga(1-x)Se2: an ab initio-based Monte Carlo
study. Ludwig CD, Gruhn T, Felser C, Schilling T, Windeln J, Kratzer P. Phys Rev Lett. 2010 Jul 9;105(2):025702. Epub 2010 Jul 9. PubMed PMID:
20867716.
Methylated Metal(loid) Species in Humans. Hirner AV, Rettenmeier AW. Met Ions
Life Sci. 2010;7:465-521. Epub 2010 Jan 30. PubMed PMID: 20877816.
Synthesis of fluoranthenes by hydroarylation of alkynes catalyzed by gold(I) or gallium trichloride.
Pascual S, Bour C, de Mendoza P, Echavarren AM.
Beilstein J Org Chem. 2011;7:1520-5. Epub 2011 Nov 14.
PMID:
22238527
[PubMed - in process]
Radioguided surgery in neuroendocrine tumors using ga-68-labeled somatostatin analogs: a pilot study.
Kaemmerer D, Prasad V, Daffner W, Haugvik SP, Senftleben S, Baum RP, Hommann M.
Clin Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;37(2):142-7.
PMID:
22228336
[PubMed - in process]
Complexation of Metal Ions with TRAP (1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Phosphinic Acid) Ligands and 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic Acid: Phosphinate-Containing Ligands as Unique Chelators for Trivalent Gallium.
Simecek J, Schulz M, Notni J, Plutnar J, Kubícek V, Havlícková J, Hermann P.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):577-90. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
PMID:
22221285
[PubMed - in process]
A Sterically Demanding Iminopyridine Ligand Affords Redox-Active Complexes of Aluminum(III) and Gallium(III).
Myers TW, Berben LA.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22220939
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Report from the 1(st )World Congress on Gallium-68 and Peptide Receptor Radio Nuclide Therapy (PRRNT), Bad Berka (Germany), June 23-26, 2011.
Jurgilewicz D.
Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2011;14(2):125-6. No abstract available.
PMID:
22219158
[PubMed - in process]
Molecular effects of gallium on osteoclastic differentiation of mouse and human monocytes.
Verron E, Loubat A, Carle GF, Vignes-Colombeix C, Strazic I, Guicheux J, Rochet N, Bouler JM, Scimeca JC.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22202439
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The ARRONAX Project.
Haddad F, Barbet J, Chatal JF.
Curr Radiopharm. 2011 Jul 1;4(3):186-96.
PMID:
22201708
[PubMed - in process]
Differential Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Action of Metallocorroles against Human Cancer Cells: Potential Platforms for Anticancer Drug Development.
Lim P, Mahammed A, Okun Z, Saltsman I, Gross Z, Gray HB, Termini J.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22185566
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Autonomic Restoration of Electrical Conductivity.
Blaiszik BJ, Kramer SL, Grady ME, McIlroy DA, Moore JS, Sottos NR, White SR.
Adv Mater. 2011 Dec 20. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102888. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22183927
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dependence of the Redshifted and Blueshifted Photoluminescence Spectra of Single In_{x}Ga_{1-x}As/GaAs Quantum Dots on the Applied Uniaxial Stress.
Jöns KD, Hafenbrak R, Singh R, Ding F, Plumhof JD, Rastelli A, Schmidt OG, Bester G, Michler P.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 18;107(21):217402. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
PMID:
22181923
[PubMed - in process]
Second line salvage chemotherapy for transplant-eligible patients with Hodgkin lymphoma resistant to platinum-containing first-line salvage chemotherapy.
Villa D, Seshadri T, Puig N, Massey C, Tsang R, Keating A, Crump M, Kuruvilla J.
Haematologica. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22180434
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hole spin relaxation in Ge-Si core-shell nanowire qubits.
Hu Y, Kuemmeth F, Lieber CM, Marcus CM.
Nat Nanotechnol. 2011 Dec 18;7(1):47-50. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2011.234.
PMID:
22179569
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis, radiometal labeling and in vitro evaluation of a targeted PPIX derivative.
Behnam Azad B, Cho CF, Lewis JD, Luyt LG.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2012 Mar;70(3):505-11. Epub 2011 Dec 6.
PMID:
22178308
[PubMed - in process]
Leukemia, thyroiditis and gallium-67 scan.
Wiwanitkit V.
Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2011 Apr;32(2):122. No abstract available.
PMID:
22174505
[PubMed - in process]
Unusual presentation of mycosis fungoides as a lump in the scalp.
Imran MB, Othman S, Shahid A.
Singapore Med J. 2011 Nov;52(11):e226-8.
PMID:
22173261
[PubMed - in process]
(68)Ga-labeling and in vivo evaluation of a uPAR binding DOTA- and NODAGA-conjugated peptide for PET imaging of invasive cancers.
Persson M, Madsen J, Ostergaard S, Ploug M, Kjaer A.
Nucl Med Biol. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22172391
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cathodoluminescence spectra of gallium nitride nanorods.
Tsai CC, Li GH, Lin YT, Chang CW, Wadekar P, Chen QY, Rigutti L, Tchernycheva M, Julien FH, Tu LW.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Dec 14;6(1):631. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22168896
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Design of neutral lewis superacids of group 13 elements.
Mück LA, Timoshkin AY, Frenking G.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):640-6. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
PMID:
22168307
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Gallium-67 scintigraphy in the evaluation of occult sepsis in the medical ICU.
Chen WC, Tsai KD, Chen CH, Lin MS, Chen CM, Shih CM, Chen W.
Intern Emerg Med. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22167445
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Susceptibility of Candida albicans to photodynamic therapy using methylene blue and toluidine blue as photosensitizing dyes.
Pupo YM, Gomes GM, Santos EB, Chaves L, Michel MD, Kozlowski VA Jr, Gomes OM, Gomes JC.
Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011;24(2):188-92.
PMID:
22165318
[PubMed - in process]
Toenail selenium status and the risk of Barrett's esophagus: the Netherlands Cohort Study.
Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Driessen AL, Huysentruyt CJ, Keulemans YC, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA.
Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936529 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Promotion of Growth in Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) by Selenium is Associated with Stimulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism.
Malik JA, Kumar S, Thakur P, Sharma S, Kaur N, Kaur R, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, Singh K, Srivastava A, Nayyar H.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Transition metal chemistry of cyclodiphosphanes containing phosphine and amide-phosphine functionalities: Formation of a stable dipalladium(II) complex containing a Pd-P s-bond.
Balakrishna MS, Venkateswaran R, Mague JT.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Associations between blood metals and fecundity among women residing in New York State.
Bloom MS, Louis GM, Sundaram R, Kostyniak PJ, Jain J.
Reprod Toxicol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
The protective role of selenium in recalcitrant Acer saccharium L. seeds subjected to desiccation.
Pukacka S, Ratajczak E, Kalemba E.
J Plant Physiol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933296 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia.
Ikonomopoulou MP, Olszowy H, Limpus C, Francis R, Whittier J.
Mar Environ Res. 2010 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933265 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Correlation between serum selenium level and febrile seizures.
Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Fallahi M, Javadi A.
Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Nov;43(5):331-4.PMID: 20933176 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Anti-Tumor Activity of Aloe vera Against DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Mice.
Saini M, Goyal PK, Chaudhary G.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2010;29(2):127-35.PMID: 20932247 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Aluminosilicate Relatives: Chalcogenoaluminogermanates Rb(3)(AlQ(2))(3)(GeQ(2))(7) (Q = S, Se).
Rothenberger A, Shafaei-Fallah M, Kanatzidis MG.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20932019 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Nutrient Approach to Prostate Cancer Prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
Dunn BK, Richmond ES, Minasian LM, Ryan AM, Ford LG.
Nutr Cancer. 2010 Oct;62(7):896-918.PMID: 20924966 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy.
Franca CA, Nogueira CR, Ramalho A, Carvalho AC, Vieira SL, Penna AB.
Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20924074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Kenji Soda--researching enzymes with the spirit of an alpinist.
Yoshimura T, Mihara H, Ohshima T, Tanizawa K.
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Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known 
copper compound. It is used as 
an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below. 
Indium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Indium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. In its elemental form indium's CAS number is 7440-74-6. The indium atom has a radius of 162.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 193.pm. Indium is only slightly toxic. Indium has found application in semi-conductor materials and other electronic applications. 
It is used to make low-melting alloys, such as an alloy of 24% indium - 76% Indium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and 
evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Indium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Indium is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Indium was first discovered by Ferdinand Reich in 1863. See Indium research below.
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the 
most
important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
