Dilithium Tetrachlorocuprate(II) Solution is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Lithium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Lithium's shells is 2, 1 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s1. In its elemental form lithium's CAS number is 7439-93-2. The lithium atom has a radius of 152.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 182.pm. Lithium is toxic and corrosive. Lithium is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the highest specific heat of any material and the highest electrochemical potential. This makes it important in applications involving heat transfer and as the anode in batteries. Lithium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Lithium is a dopant in advanced optical glass. It is used as an alloy in light weight metals. Lithium stearate is a common high temperature lubricant. Lithium was first discovered by Johann Arvedson in 1817. The origin of the name Lithium comes from the Greek word lithose which means "stone". See Lithium research below.
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known copper compound. It is used as an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Do men with prostate abnormalities (prostatitis/benign prostatic hyperplasia/prostate cancer) develop immunity to spermatozoa or seminal plasma?
Hoover P, Naz RK.
Int J Androl. 2012 Feb 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01246.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22321000
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Determination of absorbed dose to water around a clinical HDR (192)Ir source using LiF:Mg,Ti TLDs demonstrates an LET dependence of detector response.
Carlsson Tedgren A, Elia R, Hedtja¨rn H, Olsson S, Alm Carlsson G.
Med Phys. 2012 Feb;39(2):1133.
PMID:
22320824
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Synthesis of Triptycene-Derived Macrotricyclic Host Containing Two Dibenzo-[18]-crown-6 Moieties and Its Complexation with Paraquat Derivatives: Li(+)-Ion-Controlled Binding and Release of the Guests in the Complexes.
Han Y, Lu HY, Zong QS, Guo JB, Chen CF.
J Org Chem. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22320661
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and Characterization of ß-Diketiminate Germanium(II) Compounds.
Yang Y, Zhao N, Wu Y, Zhu H, Roesky HW.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22320161
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GSK-3 and Wnt Signaling in Neurogenesis and Bipolar Disorder.
Valvezan AJ, Klein PS.
Front Mol Neurosci. 2012;5:1. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
PMID:
22319467
[PubMed - in process]
Anisotropic Ionic Mobility of Lithium Salts in Lamellar Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks.
Ramón-Gimenez L, Storz R, Haberl J, Finkelmann H, Hoffmann A.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2012 Feb 8. doi: 10.1002/marc.201100792. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318912
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ab initio and density functional theoretical design and screening of model crown ether based ligand (host) for extraction of lithium metal ion (guest): effect of donor and electronic induction.
Boda A, Ali SM, Rao H, Ghosh SK.
J Mol Model. 2012 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318713
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In situ TEM observation of lithium nanoparticle growth and morphological cycling.
Ghatak J, Guan W, Möbus G.
Nanoscale. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318611
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Psychotropic drug-induced weight gain and other metabolic complications in a Swiss psychiatric population.
Choong E, Bondolfi G, Etter M, Jermann F, Aubry JM, Bartolomei J, Gholam-Rezaee M, Eap CB.
J Psychiatr Res. 2012 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22316639
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Using adjunctive treatments when first-line antidepressants fail.
Thase ME.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;73(1):e01.
PMID:
22316580
[PubMed - in process]
What Can We Learn from Ionic Conductivity Measurements in Polymer Electrolytes? - A Case Study on PEO-NaI and PEO-LiTFSI.
Stolwijk NA, Wiencierz M, Heddier C, Kösters J.
J Phys Chem B. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22316082
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exfoliation and Reassembly of Cobalt Oxide Nanosheets into a Reversible Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode.
Compton OC, Abouimrane A, An Z, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC, Amine K, Nguyen ST.
Small. 2012 Feb 8. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101131. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22315165
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tanshinone IIA protects PC12 cells from ß-amyloid(25-35)-induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Dong H, Mao S, Wei J, Liu B, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Yan M.
Mol Biol Rep. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22314911
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A facile titanium glycolate precursor route to mesoporous Au/Li4Ti5O12 spheres for high-rate lithium ion batteries.
Li C, Li Q, Chen L, Wang T.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22313873
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhanced Performance of Solution-Processed Amorphous LiYInZnO Thin-Film Transistors.
Koo CY, Song K, Jung Y, Yang W, Kim SH, Jeong S, Moon J.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311703
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
TiO(2) Nanocages: Fast Synthesis, Interior Functionalization and Improved Lithium Storage Properties.
Wang Z, Lou XW.
Adv Mater. 2012 Feb 7. doi: 10.1002/adma.201104546. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311574
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhanced electrochemical properties of LiFePO(4) by Mo-substitution and graphitic carbon-coating via a facile and fast microwave-assisted solid-state reaction.
Li D, Huang Y, Sharma N, Chen Z, Jia D, Guo Z.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311165
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Penetration of alkali atoms throughout a graphene membrane: theoretical modeling.
Boukhvalov DW, Virojanadara C.
Nanoscale. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22310963
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Proteasome inhibition-induced p38 MAPK/ERK signaling regulates autophagy and apoptosis through the dual phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3ß
Choi CH, Lee BH, Ahn SG, Oh SH.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22310719
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bifurcated Hydrogen-Bond in Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate Probed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics.
Muniz-Miranda F, Pagliai M, Cardini G, Righini R.
J Phys Chem A. 2012 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22309150
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Copper
X-Ray and Solution Structures of Cu(II) GHK and Cu(II) DAHK Complexes: Influence on Their Redox Properties.
Hureau C, Eury H, Guillot R, Bijani C, Sayen S, Solari PL, Guillon E, Faller P, Dorlet P.
Chemistry. 2011 Jul 20. doi: 10.1002/chem.201100751. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21780203
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The metal-coordinated Casiopeína IIIEa induces the petite-like phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
López-Rodríguez A, Cárabez-Trejo A, Rosas-Sánchez F, Mejía C, Ruiz-Azuara L, Miledi R, Martínez-Torres A.
Biometals. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21779809
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Thermodynamics of copper and zinc distribution in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803.
Badarau A, Dennison C.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21778408
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Copper metabolism MURR1 domain containing 1 (COMMD1) regulates Cullin-RING ligases by preventing Cullin-associated NEDD8-dissociated (CAND1) binding.
Mao X, Gluck N, Chen B, Starokadomskyy P, Li H, Maine GN, Burstein E.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21778237
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Isoxazole substituted chromans against oxidative stress-induced neuronal damage.
Koufaki M, Tsatsaroni A, Alexi X, Guerrand H, Zerva S, Alexis MN.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2011 Jun 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21778061
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nanoporous PtAg and PtCu alloys with hollow ligaments for enhanced electrocatalysis and glucose biosensing.
Xu C, Liu Y, Su F, Liu A, Qiu H.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Jul 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21778046
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Differentiation of Bullet Type Based on the Analysis of Gunshot Residue Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry*
Udey RN, Hunter BC, Smith RW.
J Forensic Sci. 2011 Jul 21. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01836.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21777243
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Porphyrin-Crosslinked Hydrogel for Fluorescence-Guided Monitoring and Surgical Resection.
Lovell JF, Roxin A, Ng KK, McMullen JD, Dacosta RS, Zheng G.
Biomacromolecules. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21777008
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Assessment of the Electronic Structure of 2,2'-Pyridylpyrrolides as Ligands.
Flores JA, Andino JG, Tsvetkov NP, Pink M, Wolfe RJ, Head AR, Lichtenberger DL, Massa J, Caulton KG.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21776969
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Heterobridged Dinuclear, Tetranuclear, Dinuclear-Based 1-D, and Heptanuclear-Based 1-D Complexes of Copper(II) Derived from a Dinucleating Ligand: Syntheses, Structures, Magnetochemistry, Spectroscopy, and Catecholase Activity.
Majumder S, Sarkar S, Sasmal S, San~udo EC, Mohanta S.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21776948
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Catalytic action of gold and copper crystals in the growth of carbon nanotubes.
Tyagi PK, Janowska I, Cretu O, Pham-Huu C, Banhart F.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):3609-15.
PMID:
21776744
[PubMed - in process]
Silsesquioxane as a new building block material for modified electrodes fabrication and application as neurotransmitters sensors.
de Jesus CG, dos Santos V, Canestraro CD, Zucolotto V, Fujiwara ST, Gushikem Y, Wohnrath K, Pessoa CA.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):3499-508.
PMID:
21776730
[PubMed - in process]
Silica SBA-15 template assisted synthesis of ultrasmall and homogeneously sized copper nanoparticles.
Tsai HT, Córdoba JM, Johansson EM, Ballem MA, Odén M.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):3493-8.
PMID:
21776729
[PubMed - in process]
Determination of Cu2+ using poly(2-aminothiazole)/ multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film modified glassy carbon electrodes.
Zhao H, Wu Z, Xue Y, Cao Q, He Y, Li X, Yuan Z.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):3381-4.
PMID:
21776713
[PubMed - in process]
Characterization and application to the detection of single-stranded DNA binding protein of fluorescent DNA-templated copper/silver nanoclusters.
Lan GY, Chen WY, Chang HT.
Analyst. 2011 Jul 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21776493
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Early effects of long-term neurotoxic lead exposure in copper works employees.
Böckelmann I, Pfister E, Darius S.
J Toxicol. 2011;2011:832519. Epub 2011 May 29.
PMID:
21776266
[PubMed - in process]
Research strategies in the study of the pro-oxidant nature of polyphenol nutraceuticals.
Babich H, Schuck AG, Weisburg JH, Zuckerbraun HL.
J Toxicol. 2011;2011:467305. Epub 2011 Jun 26.
PMID:
21776260
[PubMed - in process]
Speciation of selected trace elements in three Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes (Koka, Ziway, and Awassa) and their major inflows.
Masresha AE, Skipperud L, Rosseland BO, G M Z, Meland S, Teien HC, Salbu B.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21774962
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cation Ordering in Natural and Synthetic (Cu1-xZnx)2CO3(OH)2 and Cu1-xZnx)5(CO3)2(CO3)2(OH)6
Klokishner S, Behrens M, Reu O, Tzolova-Mueller G, Girgsdies F, Trunschke A, Schloegl R.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21774538
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Substitution of Silver for Copper In the Binuclear Mo/Cu Center of Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase from Oligotropha carboxydovorans
Wilcoxen J, Snider S, Hille R.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21774528
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Lithium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Lithium's shells is 2, 1 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s1. In its elemental form lithium's CAS number is 7439-93-2. The lithium atom has a radius of 152.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 182.pm. Lithium is toxic and corrosive. Lithium is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the highest specific heat of any material and the highest electrochemical
potential. This makes it important in applications involving heat transfer and as the anode in batteries. Lithium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% 
(ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Lithium is a dopant in advanced optical glass. It is used as an alloy in light weight metals. Lithium stearate is a common high temperature lubricant. Lithium was first discovered by Johann Arvedson in 1817. The origin of the name Lithium comes from the Greek word lithose which means "stone". See Lithium research below. 
Copper is a Block D, Group 11, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Copper's shells is 2, 8, 18, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s1. In its elemental form copper's CAS number is 7440-50-8. The copper atom has a radius of 127.8 .pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 140.pm. Copper is an essential trace element in animals and plants, but in excess copper is toxic. Due to its high electrical conductivity, large amounts of copper are used by the electrical industry for wire. Of all pure metals, only silver has a higher electrical conductivity. Copper is also resistant to corrosion caused by moisture, making it a widely used material in pipes, coins, and jewelry. Copper is often too soft for its applications, so it is incorporated in numerous alloys. For example, brass is a copper-zinc alloy, and bronze is a copper-tin alloy. Copper sulfate (CuSO 4·H2O), also known as blue vitrol, is the most well-known 
copper compound. It is used as 
an agricultural poison, an algicide, and as a pigment for inks. Cuprous chloride (CuCl) is a powder used to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2). Copper cyanide (CuCN) is often used in electroplating applications. Copper is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Copper was first discovered by Early Man. The origin of the word copper comes from the Latin word 'cuprium' which translates as "metal of Cyprus". Cyprus, a Mediterranean island, was known as an ancient source of mined copper. See Copper research below. 
