Dysprosium Sulfide is a moderately water and acid soluble Dysprosium source for uses compatible with sulfates. Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal. Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble. Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions. Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells. Dysprosium Sulfide is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Dysprosium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Dysprosium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f10 6s2. In its elemental form dysprosium's CAS number is 7429-91-6. The dysprosium atom has a radius of 175.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Dysprosium is moderately toxic. Dysprosium is most commonly used in neodymium-iron-boron high strength permanent magnets. Dysprosium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. While it has one of the highest magnetic moments of any of the rare earths (10.6µB), this has not resulted in an ability to perform on its own as a practical alternative to neodymium compositions. It is however now an essential additive in NdFeB production. It is also used in special ceramic compositions based on BaTiO formulations. Recent research has examined the use of dysprosium in dysprosium-iron-garnet (DyIG) and silicon implanted with dysprosium and holmium to form donor centers. Dysprosium is added to various advanced optical formulations due to the fact that it emits in the 470-500 and 570-600 nm wavelengths. Dysprosium was first discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. The element name originates from the Greek word 'dysprositos' meaning hard to get at. See Dysprosium research below.
Sulfur is a Block P, Group 16, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Sulfur's shells is 2, 8, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ne]3s2 3p4. In its elemental form sulfur's CAS number is 7704-34-9. The sulfur atom has a radius of 100pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180pm. Sulfur is a crucial element for all life and serves as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. In nature, sulfur can be found in hot springs, meteorites, volcanoes, and as galena, gypsum, Epsom salts, and barite. Sulfur, when organically bonded, is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids methionine and cysteine. In organic form, Sulfur is present in the vitamins thiamine and biotin. Sulfur is also a vital part of many enzymes and also in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.Sulfur is available as compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity). Sulfur has been known since ancient times but was not accepted as an element until 1777. Antoine Lavoisier helped to convince the scientific commuity that sulfus is an element and not a compound. See Sulfur research below.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
Taylor HE, Antweiler RC, Roth DA, Alpers CN, Dileanis P.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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High energy electron beams characterization using CaSO(4):Dy+PTFE Phosphors for clinical therapy applications.
Rivera T, Espinoza A, Von SM, Alvarez R, Jiménez Y.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22182630
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Strongly dipolar bose-einstein condensate of dysprosium.
Lu M, Burdick NQ, Youn SH, Lev BL.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 4;107(19):190401. Epub 2011 Oct 31.
PMID:
22181585
[PubMed - in process]
Lipophilic phosphonium-lanthanide compounds with magnetic, luminescent, and tumor targeting properties.
Li M, Ganea GM, Lu C, De Rooy SL, El-Zahab B, Fernand VE, Jin R, Aggarwal S, Warner IM.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Nov 3;107(1):40-46. [Epub ahead of print]
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22172501
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Differential genotoxicity of chemical properties and particle size of rare metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.
Hasegawa G, Shimonaka M, Ishihara Y.
J Appl Toxicol. 2012 Jan;32(1):72-80. doi: 10.1002/jat.1719. Epub 2011 Aug 23.
PMID:
22162085
[PubMed - in process]
A Discrete Dysprosium Trigonal Prism Showing Single-Molecule Magnet Behaviour.
Tian H, Wang M, Zhao L, Guo YN, Guo Y, Tang J, Liu Z.
Chemistry. 2011 Dec 12. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102547. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22161973
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis, characterisation and magnetic study of a cyano-substituted dysprosium double decker single-molecule magnet.
Waters M, Moro F, Krivokapic I, McMaster J, Slageren JV.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22146842
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Molecular Structure and Vibrational Spectra of Mixed MDyX(4) (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; X = F, Cl, Br, I) Vapor Complexes: A Computational and Matrix-Isolation Infrared Spectroscopic Study.
Groen CP, Kovács A, Varga Z, Hargittai M.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22136352
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Quadruple-CO(3)(2-) bridged octanuclear dysprosium(iii) compound showing single-molecule magnet behaviour.
Tian H, Zhao L, Guo YN, Guo Y, Tang J, Liu Z.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Jan 18;48(5):708-10. Epub 2011 Dec 1.
PMID:
22129652
[PubMed - in process]
Salen-based coordination polymers of iron and the rare Earth elements.
Bhunia A, Lan Y, Mereacre V, Gamer MT, Powell AK, Roesky PW.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 19;50(24):12697-704. Epub 2011 Nov 14.
PMID:
22082051
[PubMed - in process]
Novel lanthanide-based polymeric chains and corresponding ultrafast dynamics in solution.
Thielemann DT, Klinger M, Wolf TJ, Lan Y, Wernsdorfer W, Busse M, Roesky PW, Unterreiner AN, Powell AK, Junk PC, Deacon GB.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Dec 5;50(23):11990-2000. Epub 2011 Nov 8.
PMID:
22066577
[PubMed - in process]
Tetra-kis(?-2-phen-oxy-propionato)-?O,O':O';?O:O,O',?O:O'-bis-[(1,10-phenanthroline-?N,N')(2-phen-oxy-propionato-?O,O')praseodymium(III)].
Shen JB, Liu JL, Zhao GL.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1321. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
PMID:
22058896
[PubMed]
Tetra-kis(?-2-phen-oxy-propionato)-?O,O':O';?O:O,O',?O:O'-bis-[(1,10-phenanthroline-?N,N')(2-phen-oxy-propionato-?O,O')dysprosium(III)].
Shen JB, Liu JL, Zhao GL.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Sep 1;67(Pt 9):m1320. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
PMID:
22058895
[PubMed]
An organometallic sandwich lanthanide single-ion magnet with an unusual multiple relaxation mechanism.
Jeletic M, Lin PH, Le Roy JJ, Korobkov I, Gorelsky SI, Murugesu M.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 7;133(48):19286-9. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
PMID:
22032273
[PubMed - in process]
A tetragonal form of dysprosium orthomolybdate at room temperature.
Dorzhieva S, Chumak I, Sarapulova A, Mikhailova D, Bazarova J, Ehrenberg H.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2011 Oct;67(Pt 10):i50-2. Epub 2011 Sep 15.
PMID:
21979965
[PubMed - in process]
Note: simple means for selective removal of the 365 nm line from the Hg spectrum using Dy.
Vesborg PC, Chorkendorff I, Brock-Nannestad T, Dethlefsen JR, Bendix J.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Sep;82(9):096102.
PMID:
21974629
[PubMed - in process]
Effects of chronic ?-irradiation on the aquatic microbial microcosm: equi-dosimetric comparison with effects of heavy metals.
Fuma S, Kawaguchi I, Kubota Y, Yoshida S, Kawabata Z, Polikarpov GG.
J Environ Radioact. 2012 Feb;103(2):81-6. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
PMID:
21962482
[PubMed - in process]
Cool White Light Emission in Dysprosium and Salicylic Acid Doped Poly Vinyl Alcohol Film Under UV Excitation.
Kaur G, Rai SB.
J Fluoresc. 2011 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21947610
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Synthesis, crystal structure and luminescent properties of a dysprosium coordinaation polymer based on pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic acid].
Fan RQ, Wang P, Ren JY, Zhou GP, Yang YL.
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2011 Jul;31(7):1734-8. Chinese.
PMID:
21942013
[PubMed - in process]
Anisotropic dysprosium.
Gatteschi D.
Nat Chem. 2011 Sep 23;3(10):830. doi: 10.1038/nchem.1157. No abstract available.
PMID:
21941259
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Self-assembly of a sulphur-terminated graphene nanoribbon within a single-walled carbon nanotube.
Chuvilin A, Bichoutskaia E, Gimenez-Lopez MC, Chamberlain TW, Rance GA, Kuganathan N, Biskupek J, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN.
Nat Mater. 2011 Aug 7. doi: 10.1038/nmat3082. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822259
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the yeast tRNA-thiouridine modification protein 1 (Tum1p).
Qiu R, Wang F, Liu M, Yang Z, Wu T, Ji C.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2011 Aug 1;67(Pt 8):953-5. Epub 2011 Jul 27.
PMID:
21821903
[PubMed - in process]
Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis L-isoleucine dioxygenase toward the production of useful amino acids.
Hibi M, Kawashima T, Kodera T, Smirnov SV, Sokolov PM, Sugiyama M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821743
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterization of the sulfurtransferase family from Oryza sativa L.
Guretzki S, Papenbrock J.
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2011 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821426
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Development of a small-scale bioreactor method to monitor the molecular diversity and environmental impacts of bacterial biofilm communities from an acid mine drainage impacted creek.
Cole M, Wrubel J, Henegan P, Janzen C, Holt J, Tobin T.
J Microbiol Methods. 2011 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821067
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In situ incorporation of nickel nanoparticles into the mesopores of MCM-41 by manipulation of solvent-solute interaction and its activity toward adsorptive desulfurization of gas oil.
Samadi-Maybodi A, Teymouri M, Vahid A, Miranbeigi A.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820806
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase is an essential enzyme for the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei.
Alloatti A, Gupta S, Gualdrón-López M, Nguewa PA, Altabe SG, Deumer G, Wallemacq P, Michels PA, Uttaro AD.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820408
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The use of multi-element stable isotope analysis to monitor the origin of chondroitin sulfates.
Thomas F, Jamin E, Shimoo K, Nagao J, Osaki Y, Granier C.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Sep 15;25(17):2533-7. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5159.
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21818814
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Sulphur isotopes in animal hair track distance to sea.
Zazzo A, Monahan FJ, Moloney AP, Green S, Schmidt O.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Sep 15;25(17):2371-8. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5131.
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21818798
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Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of Aromatic Behavior in Heterobenzene-Like Molecules with Metal-Metal Multiple Bonds.
Fang W, He Q, Tan ZF, Liu CY, Lu X, Murillo CA.
Chemistry. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1002/chem.201003693. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21818792
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Rhodovulum phaeolacus sp. nov. a phototrophic alphaproteobacterium isolated from a brown pond.
Venkata Naga Satya Lakshmi K, Sasikala C, Venkata Ramana V, Veera Venkata Ramaprasad E, Venkata Ramana C.
J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2011;57(3):145-51.
PMID:
21817826
[PubMed - in process]
Comparative data on effects of leading pretreatments and enzyme loadings and formulations on sugar yields from different switchgrass sources.
Wyman CE, Balan V, Dale BE, Elander RT, Falls M, Hames B, Holtzapple MT, Ladisch MR, Lee YY, Mosier N, Pallapolu VR, Shi J, Thomas SR, Warner RE.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]
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21816612
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Target loads of atmospheric sulfur deposition for the protection and recovery of acid-sensitive streams in the Southern Blue Ridge Province.
Sullivan TJ, Cosby BJ, Jackson WA.
J Environ Manage. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816535
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Differential effects of a post-anthesis fertilizer regimen on the wheat flour proteome determined by quantitative 2-DE.
Altenbach SB, Tanaka CK, Hurkman WJ, Whitehand LC, Vensel WH, Dupont FM.
Proteome Sci. 2011 Aug 4;9(1):46. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816081
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative toxicity of arsenic metabolites in human bladder cancer EJ-1 cells.
Naranmandura H, Michael CW, Xu S, Lee J, Leslie E, Weinfeld M, Le XC.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21815631
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Effects of Different Garlic-derived Allyl Sulfides on Peroxidative Processes and Anaerobic Sulfur Metabolism in Mouse Liver.
Iciek MB, Kowalczyk-Pachel D, Kwiecien I, Dudek MB.
Phytother Res. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3572. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21815229
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A combined model of hepatic polyamine and sulfur amino acid metabolism to analyze S-adenosyl methionine availability.
Reyes-Palomares A, Montañez R, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Medina MA.
Amino Acids. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21814788
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Microbial gene functions enriched in the Deepwater Horizon deep-sea oil plume.
Lu Z, Deng Y, Van Nostrand JD, He Z, Voordeckers J, Zhou A, Lee YJ, Mason OU, Dubinsky EA, Chavarria KL, Tom LM, Fortney JL, Lamendella R, Jansson JK, D'haeseleer P, Hazen TC, Zhou J.
ISME J. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.91. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21814288
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
1,1'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)diethanone as a Building Block in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Novel Synthesis of Some Pyrazole and Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Mabkhot YN, Al-Majid AM, Barakat A, Alshahrani S, Siddiqui Y.
Molecules. 2011 Aug 3;16(8):6502-11.
PMID:
21814162
[PubMed - in process]
Towards the Growth of an Aligned Single-Layer MoS2 Film.
Kim D, Sun D, Lu W, Cheng Z, Zhu Y, Le D, Rahman TS, Bartels L.
Langmuir. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21812475
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Dysprosium Sulfide is a moderately water and acid soluble Dysprosium source for uses compatible with sulfates. Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal. Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble. Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions. Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells. Dysprosium Sulfide is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Dysprosium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Dysprosium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f10 6s2. In its elemental form dysprosium's CAS number is 7429-91-6. The dysprosium atom has a radius of 175.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Dysprosium is moderately toxic. Dysprosium is most commonly used in neodymium-iron-boron high strength permanent magnets. Dysprosium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. While 
it has one of the highest magnetic moments of any of the rare earths (10.6µB), this has not resulted in an ability to perform on its own as a practical alternative to neodymium compositions. It is
however now an essential additive in NdFeB production. It is also used in special ceramic compositions based on BaTiO formulations. Recent research has examined the use of dysprosium in dysprosium-iron-garnet (DyIG) and silicon implanted with dysprosium and holmium to form donor centers. Dysprosium is added to various advanced optical formulations due to the fact that it emits in the 470-500 and 570-600 nm wavelengths. Dysprosium was first discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886. The element name originates from the Greek word 'dysprositos' meaning hard to get at. See Dysprosium research below.
Sulfur is a Block P, Group 16, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Sulfur's shells is 2, 8, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ne]3s2 3p4. In its elemental form sulfur's CAS number is 7704-34-9. The sulfur atom has a radius of 100pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180pm. Sulfur is a crucial element for all life and serves as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. In nature, sulfur can be found in hot springs, meteorites, volcanoes, and as galena, gypsum, Epsom salts, and barite. Sulfur, when organically bonded, is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids methionine 
and cysteine. In organic form, Sulfur is present in the vitamins thiamine and biotin. Sulfur is also a vital part of many enzymes and also in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.Sulfur is available as compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity). Sulfur has been known since ancient times but was not accepted as an element until 1777. Antoine Lavoisier helped to convince the scientific commuity that sulfus is an element and not a compound. See Sulfur research below.
