American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Iron Boron Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Iron as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Iron is a Block D, Group 8, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Iron's shells is 2, 8, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. In its elemental form iron's CAS number is 7439-89-6. The iron atom has a radius of 124.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Iron is not toxic. Iron is the most commonly used metal for commercial applications due to its hardness, historical availability and low cost. Once used on its own, it is now alloyed with nickel and other elements to produce steel and other high strength, non-corrosive structural metals. Iron as a metal and as its many compounds has numerous uses. It is a primary colorant in glass and ceramics. It is a catalyst. It is the basis for low grade magnets and because of its magnetic properties is used extensively in memory tape. Recent applications for Iron nanoparticles include in water treatment of carbon tetrachloride in contaminated groundwater, magnetic data storage and resonance imaging (MRI) and in certain alloy and catalyst applications. Iron can also be introduced into processes using iron foil, pellets, rod and wire by thin film Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Organometallic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for specific applications such as fuel cells and solar energy. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Iron was first discovered by Early Man.See Iron research below.
Boron is a Block P, Group 13, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Boron's shells is 2, 3 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p1. In its elemental form boron's CAS number is 7440-42-8. The boron atom has a radius of 79.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. Optical characteristics include transmitting portions of the infrared. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature but a good conductor at high temperature. Boron in its elemental form is not toxic. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. The isotope Boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. Boron also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. Boron was first discovered by Sir Humphry Davy and J.L Gay-Lussac in 1808. The name Boron originates from a combination of carbon and the Arabic word 'buraqu meaning borax. See Boron research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Cytochrome b mutation Y268S conferring the atovaquone resistance phenotype in the malaria parasite results in reduced parasite bc1 catalytic turnover and protein expression.
Fisher N, Abd Majid R, Antoine T, Al-Helal M, Warman AJ, Johnson DJ, Lawrenson AS, Ranson H, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22282497
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Serum ferritin levels and endocrinopathy in medically treated patients with ß thalassemia major.
Belhoul KM, Bakir ML, Saned MS, Kadhim AM, Musallam KM, Taher AT.
Ann Hematol. 2012 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281991
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Iron supplementation to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Besarab A, Coyne DW.
Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012 Jan 27;8(2):63. doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2011.217. No abstract available.
PMID:
22281971
[PubMed - in process]
Anemia in Critical Illness: Insights into Etiology, Consequences and Management.
Hayden SJ, Albert TJ, Watkins TR, Swenson ER.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281832
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
IRON fMRI measurements of CBV and implications for BOLD signal.
Mandeville JB.
Neuroimage. 2012 Jan 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281669
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fatal idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis in association with pregnancy - Medico-legal evaluation.
Töro K, Herjavecz I, Vereckei E, Kovács M.
J Forensic Leg Med. 2012 Feb;19(2):101-104. Epub 2011 Oct 24.
PMID:
22281220
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reduction of Fe(III)EDTA(-) in a NO(x) scrubbing solution by magnetic Fe(3)O(4)-chitosan microspheres immobilized mixed culture of iron-reducing bacteria.
Jing G, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Lin T.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281145
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reactive oxygen species are involved in ferroportin degradation induced by ceruloplasmin mutant Arg701Trp.
Persichini T, Francesco GD, Capone C, Cutone A, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Colasanti M, Musci G.
Neurochem Int. 2012 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281056
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of iron influx and efflux proteins in primary neuron culture.
Du F, Fan M, Gong Q, Zhu LL, Zhu ZJ, Lu L, Ke Y.
Neurochem Int. 2012 Jan 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281055
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Iron deposition of the deep grey matter in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: A control quantitative study by 3D-enhanced susceptibility-weighted angiography (ESWAN).
Chen X, Zeng C, Luo T, Ouyang Y, Lv F, Rumzan R, Wang Z, Li Q, Wang J, Hou H, Huang F, Li Y.
Eur J Radiol. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280874
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Iron golf club with improved mass properties and vibration damping.
Roach RL.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2012 Jan;131(1):643. No abstract available.
PMID:
22280652
[PubMed - in process]
Stability analysis of ultrasound thick-shell contrast agents.
Lu X, Chahine GL, Hsiao CT.
J Acoust Soc Am. 2012 Jan;131(1):24.
PMID:
22280568
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Ureaplasma urealyticum in altering the endothelial metal concentration during preeclampsia.
Padmini E, Uthra V.
Placenta. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280558
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A polar corundum oxide displaying weak ferromagnetism at room temperature.
Li MR, Adem U, McMitchell SR, Xu Z, Thomas CI, Warren JE, Giap DV, Niu HJ, Wan X, Palgrave RG, Schiffmann F, Cora F, Slater B, Burnett TL, Cain MG, Abakumov AM, Van Tendeloo G, Thomas MF, Rosseinsky MJ, Claridge JB.
J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280499
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Targeting Vascular Changes in Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
Karlik SJ, Roscoe WA, Patinote C, Contino-Pépin C.
Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280405
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Transformation of copper and chromium in co-contaminated soil and its influence on bioavailability for pakchoi (Brassica chinensis)].
Wang D, Wei W, Liang DL, Wang SS, Hu B.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3113-20. Chinese.
PMID:
22279932
[PubMed - in process]
[Distribution characteristic and assessment of soil heavy metal pollution in the iron mining of Baotou in Inner Mongolia].
Guo W, Zhao RX, Zhang J, Bao YY, Wang H, Yang M, Sun XL, Jin F.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3099-105. Chinese.
PMID:
22279930
[PubMed - in process]
[Study of inactivating sulfate reducing bacteria with zero-valent iron nanoparticles].
Shu ZY, Wang J, Huang Y.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 Oct;32(10):3040-4. Chinese.
PMID:
22279921
[PubMed - in process]
[Combination of intersticial cystitis and adenomyosis in females suffering from chronic pelvic pain syndrome].
[No authors listed]
Urologiia. 2011 Sep-Oct;(5):10, 12-4. Russian.
PMID:
22279779
[PubMed - in process]
[Antidiabetes drug metformin is a donor of nitric oxide: ESR measurement of efficiency].
[No authors listed]
Biofizika. 2011 Nov-Dec;56(6):1125-33. Russian.
PMID:
22279758
[PubMed - in process]
Mechanical Properties of Bamboo-Like Boron Nitride Nanotubes by In Situ TEM and MD Simulations: Strengthening Effect of Interlocked Joint Interfaces.
Tang DM, Ren CL, Wei X, Wang MS, Liu C, Bando Y, Golberg D.
ACS Nano. 2011 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21823625
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of Pre- and Postnatal Manganese Exposure on Brain Histamine Content in a Rodent Model of Parkinson's Disease.
Brus R, Jochem J, Nowak P, Adwent M, Boron D, Brus H, Kostrzewa RM.
Neurotox Res. 2011 Aug 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822760
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure of aqueous borohydride: a potential hydrogen storage medium.
Duffin AM, England AH, Schwartz CP, Uejio JS, Dallinger GC, Shih O, Prendergast D, Saykally RJ.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822506
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Vancomycin-loaded bioactive borate glass for treatment of chronic osteomyelitis in rabbits].
Xie Z, Liu X, Jia W, Zhang C, Huang W.
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2011 Jul;25(7):830-6. Chinese.
PMID:
21818950
[PubMed - in process]
Rational design of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based photobleaching-resistant fluorophores applicable to a protein dynamics study.
Komatsu T, Oushiki D, Takeda A, Miyamura M, Ueno T, Terai T, Hanaoka K, Urano Y, Mineno T, Nagano T.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21818482
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Perfluoro Allyl Fluorosulfate (FAFS): A Versatile Building Block for New Fluoroallylic Compounds.
Wlassics I, Tortelli V, Carella S, Monzani C, Marchionni G.
Molecules. 2011 Aug 4;16(8):6512-40.
PMID:
21818056
[PubMed - in process]
Low energy prompt gamma-ray tests of a large volume BGO detector.
Naqvi AA, Kalakada Z, Al-Anezi MS, Raashid M, Khateeb-Ur-Rehman, Maslehuddin M, Garwan MA.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Jul 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816620
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structural models for yttrium aluminium borate laser glasses: NMR and EPR studies of the system (Y(2)O(3))(0.2)-(Al(2)O(3))(x)-(B(2)O(3))(0.8-x).
Deters H, de Lima JF, Magon CJ, de Camargo AS, Eckert H.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21814672
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Microstructural and conductivity changes induced by annealing of ZnO:B thin films deposited by chemical vapour deposition.
David C, Girardeau T, Paumier F, Eyidi D, Lacroix B, Papathanasiou N, Tinkham BP, Guérin P, Marteau M.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Aug 3;23(33):334209. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21813967
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
BON-BONs: cyclic molecules with a boron-oxygen-nitrogen backbone. Computational studies of their thermodynamic properties.
Lawong AK, Ball DW.
J Mol Model. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21811776
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Wet-Chemistry-Assisted Nanotube-Substitution Reaction for High-Efficiency and Bulk-Quantity Synthesis of Boron- and Nitrogen-Codoped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.
Yang X, Liu L, Wu M, Wang W, Bai X, Wang E.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21809845
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The near edge structure of cubic boron nitride.
McCulloch DG, Lau DW, Nicholls RJ, Perkins JM.
Micron. 2011 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21807526
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fast and direct determination of butylated hydroxyanisole in biodiesel by batch injection analysis with amperometric detection.
Tormin TF, Gimenes DT, Richter EM, Munoz RA.
Talanta. 2011 Sep 15;85(3):1274-8. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
PMID:
21807182
[PubMed - in process]
Application of a new composite cubic-boron nitride gasket assembly for high pressure inelastic x-ray scattering studies of carbon related materials.
Wang L, Yang W, Xiao Y, Liu B, Chow P, Shen G, Mao WL, Mao HK.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Jul;82(7):073902.
PMID:
21806194
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Anodic oxidation of wastewater containing the Reactive Orange 16 Dye using heavily boron-doped diamond electrodes.
Migliorini FL, Braga NA, Alves SA, Lanza MR, Baldan MR, Ferreira NG.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jul 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21803493
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Aluminum Avoids the Central Position in AlB9- and AlB10-: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and ab initio Study.
Li WL, Romanescu C, Galeev TR, Wang LS, Boldyrev AI.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21800920
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Diamond Superconducting Quantum Interference Device.
Mandal S, Bautze T, Williams OA, Naud C, Bustarret E, Omne`s F, Rodie`re P, Meunier T, Ba¨uerle C, Saminadayar L.
ACS Nano. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21800905
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ferromagnetism Induced by Intrinsic Defects and Boron Substitution in Single-Wall SiC Nanotube.
Zhang Y, Qin HW, Cao E, Gao F, Liu H, Hu J.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21800870
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Effect of boron on the excitation temperature of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy].
Wang GX, Xu YY, Wang H, Wu C, Liu F, Yang PY.
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2011 May;31(5):1419-22. Chinese.
PMID:
21800613
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis and characterization of a neutral tricoordinate organoboron isoelectronic with amines.
Kinjo R, Donnadieu B, Celik MA, Frenking G, Bertrand G.
Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):610-3.
PMID:
21798945
[PubMed - in process]
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Iron as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request. 
Iron is a Block D, Group 8, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Iron's shells is 2, 8, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d6 4s2. In its elemental form iron's CAS number is 7439-89-6. The iron atom has a radius of 124.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Iron is not toxic. Iron is the most commonly used metal for commercial applications due to its hardness, historical availability and low cost. Once used on its own, it is now alloyed with nickel and other elements to produce steel and other high strength, non-corrosive structural metals. Iron as a metal and as its 
many compounds has numerous uses. It is a primary colorant in glass and ceramics. It is a catalyst. It is the basis for low grade magnets and because of its magnetic properties is used extensively in memory tape. Recent applications for Iron nanoparticles include
in water treatment of carbon tetrachloride in contaminated groundwater, magnetic data storage and resonance imaging (MRI) and in certain alloy and catalyst applications. Iron can also be introduced into processes using iron foil, pellets, rod and wire by thin film Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Organometallic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) for specific applications such as fuel cells and solar energy. Iron is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Iron was first discovered by Early Man.See Iron research below. 
Boron is a Block P, Group 13, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Boron's shells is 2, 3 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p1. In its elemental form boron's CAS number is 7440-42-8. The boron atom has a radius of 79.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. Optical characteristics include transmitting portions of the infrared. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature but a good conductor at high temperature. Boron in its elemental form is not toxic. Amorphous 
boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate 
glasses. The isotope Boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. Boron also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. Boron was first discovered by Sir Humphry Davy and J.L Gay-Lussac in 1808. The name Boron originates from a combination of carbon and the Arabic word 'buraqu meaning borax. See Boron research below. 
