Gallium Aluminum Phosphorus Granule is a crystalline solid used as a semiconductor and in photo optic applications.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the most important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. They are used to coat telescope mirrors. Aluminum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Aluminum research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome with transient hyperthyroidism in an elderly patient.
Yasuda K, Sasaki K, Yamato M, Rakugi H, Isaka Y, Hayashi T.
Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21823045
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Siglec-9 is a novel leukocyte ligand for vascular adhesion protein-1 and can be utilized in PET-imaging of inflammation and cancer.
Aalto K, Autio A, Kiss EA, Elima K, Nymalm Y, Veres TZ, Marttila-Ichihara F, Elovaara H, Saanijoki T, Crocker PR, Maksimow M, Bligt E, Salminen TA, Salmi M, Roivainen A, Jalkanen S.
Blood. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821708
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Extended range near-infrared imaging of water and oil in facial skin.
Egawa M, Yanai M, Kikuchi K, Masuda Y.
Appl Spectrosc. 2011 Aug;65(8):924-30.
PMID:
21819782
[PubMed - in process]
Experimental Charge Density Analysis of a Gallium(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogue.
Overgaard J, Jones C, Dange D, Platts JA.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21809869
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Modification in Structure, Phase Transition, and Magnetic Property of Metallic Gallium Driven by Atom-Molecule Interactions.
Song LX, Chen J, Zhu LH, Xia J, Yang J.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21809807
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High performance latching-type luminescent magneto-optical photonic crystals.
Khartsev SI, Grishin AM.
Opt Lett. 2011 Aug 1;36(15):2806-8. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.002806.
PMID:
21808319
[PubMed - in process]
First-principles study of liquid gallium at ambient and high pressure.
Yang J, Tse JS, Iitaka T.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jul 28;135(4):044507.
PMID:
21806138
[PubMed - in process]
Structures and properties of neutral gallium clusters: A theoretical investigation.
Drebov N, Weigend F, Ahlrichs R.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jul 28;135(4):044314.
PMID:
21806126
[PubMed - in process]
Characterization and Properties of Novel Gallium-Doped Calcium Phosphate Ceramics.
Mellier C, Fayon F, Schnitzler V, Deniard P, Allix M, Quillard S, Massiot D, Bouler JM, Bujoli B, Janvier P.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21793526
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid-based microextraction combined with least squares support vector machines regression for the simultaneous determination of aluminum, gallium, and indium in water and coal samples.
Ghasemi JB, Zolfonoun E.
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21789531
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure, Born effective charges and spontaneous polarization in magnetoelectric gallium ferrite.
Roy A, Mukherjee S, Gupta R, Auluck S, Prasad R, Garg A.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Aug 17;23(32):325902. Epub 2011 Jul 25.
PMID:
21785180
[PubMed - in process]
Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Nitrate against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Neonatal Calves.
Fecteau ME, Whitlock RH, Fyock TL, McAdams SC, Boston RC, Sweeney RW.
J Vet Intern Med. 2011 Jul 22. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0768.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21781171
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tuning Manganese Dopant Spin Interactions in Single GaN Nanowires at Room Temperature.
Hegde M, Farvid SS, Hosein ID, Radovanovic PV.
ACS Nano. 2011 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21780752
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
GaAlAs Laser Irradiation Induces Active Tertiary Dentin Formation after Pulpal Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation in Rat Molars.
Shigetani Y, Sasa N, Suzuki H, Okiji T, Ohshima H.
J Endod. 2011 Aug;37(8):1086-91.
PMID:
21763899
[PubMed - in process]
Phototherapy with low-level laser affects the remodeling of types I and III collagen in skeletal muscle repair.
de Souza TO, Mesquita DA, Ferrari RA, Dos Santos Pinto D Jr, Correa L, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KP, Martins MD.
Lasers Med Sci. 2011 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21761120
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Laparoscopic management for carcinoid metastasis to the spleen.
Balmforth D, Skouras C, Palazzo F, Zacharakis E.
HPB Surg. 2011;2011:346507. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
PMID:
21760662
[PubMed - in process]
Atypical Self-Activation of Ga Dopant for Ge Nanowire Devices.
Zeiner C, Lugstein A, Burchhart T, Pongratz P, Connell JG, Lauhon LJ, Bertagnolli E.
Nano Lett. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21744779
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gallium-enhanced phase contrast in atom probe tomography of nanocrystalline and amorphous Al-Mn alloys.
Ruan S, Torres KL, Thompson GB, Schuh CA.
Ultramicroscopy. 2011 Jan 28;111(8):1062-1072. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21740869
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Assessment of waveguiding properties of gallium oxide nanostructures by angle resolved cathodoluminescence in a scanning electron microscope.
Nogales E, Méndez B, Piqueras J.
Ultramicroscopy. 2011 Mar 21;111(8):1037-1042. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21740866
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Multivalent Bifunctional Chelator Scaffolds for Gallium-68 Based Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Probe Design: Signal Amplification via Multivalency.
Singh AN, Liu W, Hao G, Kumar A, Gupta A, O¨z OK, Hsieh JT, Sun X.
Bioconjug Chem. 2011 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21740059
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterisation of optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters to measure organ doses in diagnostic radiology.
Endo A, Katoh T, Kobayashi I, Joshi R, Sur J, Okano T.
Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011 Nov 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22116136
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metal recovery from high-grade WEEE: A life cycle assessment.
Bigum M, Brogaard L, Christensen TH.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115841
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Protein interactions with nanosized hydrotalcites of different composition.
Bellezza F, Alberani A, Posati T, Tarpani L, Latterini L, Cipiciani A.
J Inorg Biochem. 2011 Oct 8;106(1):134-142. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115829
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Neurobehavioral toxic effects of perinatal oral exposure to aluminum on the developmental motor reflexes, learning, memory and brain neurotransmitters of mice offspring.
Abu-Taweel GM, Ajarem JS, Ahmad M.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011 Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115621
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Lithium-Ion Conducting Electrolyte Salts for Lithium Batteries.
Aravindan V, Gnanaraj J, Madhavi S, Liu HK.
Chemistry. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101486. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22114046
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Contact fatigue response of porcelain-veneered alumina model systems.
Stappert CF, Baldassarri M, Zhang Y, Stappert D, Thompson VP.
J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.31977. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113973
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of formulation pH and suspension state on freezing-induced agglomeration of aluminum adjuvants.
Salnikova MS, Davis H, Mensch C, Celano L, Thiriot DS.
J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1002/jps.22815. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113733
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Evidence of foliar aluminium accumulation in local, regional and global datasets of wild plants.
Metali F, Salim KA, Burslem DF.
New Phytol. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03965.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22111583
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Turning aluminium into a noble-metal-like catalyst for low-temperature activation of molecular hydrogen.
Chopra IS, Chaudhuri S, Veyan JF, Chabal YJ.
Nat Mater. 2011 Nov 23;10(12):986. doi: 10.1038/nmat3174. No abstract available.
PMID:
22109610
[PubMed - in process]
Fabrication of a dual-layer aluminum nanowires polarization filter array.
Gruev V.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 21;19(24):24361-9. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.024361.
PMID:
22109463
[PubMed - in process]
Image-quality perception as a function of dose in digital radiography.
Lehnert T, Naguib NN, Korkusuz H, Bauer RW, Kerl JM, Mack MG, Vogl TJ.
AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Dec;197(6):1399-403.
PMID:
22109295
[PubMed - in process]
Highly sensitive nano-porous lattice biosensor based on localized surface plasmon resonance and interference.
Yeom SH, Kim OG, Kang BH, Kim KJ, Yuan H, Kwon DH, Kim HR, Kang SW.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 7;19(23):22882-91. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.022882.
PMID:
22109166
[PubMed - in process]
Regulatory role of zinc during aluminium-induced altered carbohydrate metabolism in rat brain.
Singla N, Dhawan DK.
J Neurosci Res. 2011 Nov 23. doi: 10.1002/jnr.22790. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22108899
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Three-shell-based lens barrel for the effective athermalization of an IR optical system.
Yang HS, Kihm H, Moon IK, Jung GJ, Choi SC, Lee KJ, Hwang HY, Kim SW, Lee YW.
Appl Opt. 2011 Nov 20;50(33):6206-13. doi: 10.1364/AO.50.006206.
PMID:
22108878
[PubMed - in process]
Influences of heat seal lacquer thickness on the quality of blister packages.
Mühlfeld L, Langguth P, Häusler H, Hagels H.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011 Nov 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22108348
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Efficient extraction of vaccines formulated in aluminum hydroxide gel by including surfactants in the extraction buffer.
Zhu D, Huang S, McClellan H, Dai W, Syed NR, Gebregeorgis E, Mullen GE, Long C, Martin LB, Narum D, Duffy P, Miller LH, Saul A.
Vaccine. 2011 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22107848
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure investigation of highly compressed aluminum with k edge absorption spectroscopy.
Benuzzi-Mounaix A, Dorchies F, Recoules V, Festa F, Peyrusse O, Levy A, Ravasio A, Hall T, Koenig M, Amadou N, Brambrink E, Mazevet S.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Oct 14;107(16):165006. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
PMID:
22107398
[PubMed - in process]
Short-time electron dynamics in aluminum excited by femtosecond extreme ultraviolet radiation.
Medvedev N, Zastrau U, Förster E, Gericke DO, Rethfeld B.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Oct 14;107(16):165003. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
PMID:
22107395
[PubMed - in process]
Nanoporous Polymeric Nanofibers Based on Selectively Etched PS-b-PDMS Block Copolymers.
Birlik Demirel G, Buyukserin F, Morris MA, Demirel G.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22107361
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Low bias electron scattering in structure-identified single wall carbon nanotubes: role of substrate polar phonons.
Chandra B, Perebeinos V, Berciaud S, Katoch J, Ishigami M, Kim P, Heinz TF, Hone J.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Sep 30;107(14):146601. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
PMID:
22107221
[PubMed - in process]
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
in Charlotte, North Carolina
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the 
most
important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking.
It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many
industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission 
lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties. These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. They are used to coat telescope mirrors. Aluminum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Aluminum research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. 
