American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Gallium Selenide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Gallium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the most important are the compounds of gallium with Gallium, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selęnę" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
Synthesis of fluoranthenes by hydroarylation of alkynes catalyzed by gold(I) or gallium trichloride.
Pascual S, Bour C, de Mendoza P, Echavarren AM.
Beilstein J Org Chem. 2011;7:1520-5. Epub 2011 Nov 14.
PMID:
22238527
[PubMed - in process]
Radioguided surgery in neuroendocrine tumors using ga-68-labeled somatostatin analogs: a pilot study.
Kaemmerer D, Prasad V, Daffner W, Haugvik SP, Senftleben S, Baum RP, Hommann M.
Clin Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;37(2):142-7.
PMID:
22228336
[PubMed - in process]
Complexation of Metal Ions with TRAP (1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Phosphinic Acid) Ligands and 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic Acid: Phosphinate-Containing Ligands as Unique Chelators for Trivalent Gallium.
Simecek J, Schulz M, Notni J, Plutnar J, Kubícek V, Havlícková J, Hermann P.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):577-90. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
PMID:
22221285
[PubMed - in process]
A Sterically Demanding Iminopyridine Ligand Affords Redox-Active Complexes of Aluminum(III) and Gallium(III).
Myers TW, Berben LA.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22220939
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Report from the 1(st )World Congress on Gallium-68 and Peptide Receptor Radio Nuclide Therapy (PRRNT), Bad Berka (Germany), June 23-26, 2011.
Jurgilewicz D.
Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2011;14(2):125-6. No abstract available.
PMID:
22219158
[PubMed - in process]
Molecular effects of gallium on osteoclastic differentiation of mouse and human monocytes.
Verron E, Loubat A, Carle GF, Vignes-Colombeix C, Strazic I, Guicheux J, Rochet N, Bouler JM, Scimeca JC.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22202439
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The ARRONAX Project.
Haddad F, Barbet J, Chatal JF.
Curr Radiopharm. 2011 Jul 1;4(3):186-96.
PMID:
22201708
[PubMed - in process]
Differential Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Action of Metallocorroles against Human Cancer Cells: Potential Platforms for Anticancer Drug Development.
Lim P, Mahammed A, Okun Z, Saltsman I, Gross Z, Gray HB, Termini J.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22185566
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Autonomic Restoration of Electrical Conductivity.
Blaiszik BJ, Kramer SL, Grady ME, McIlroy DA, Moore JS, Sottos NR, White SR.
Adv Mater. 2011 Dec 20. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102888. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22183927
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dependence of the Redshifted and Blueshifted Photoluminescence Spectra of Single In_{x}Ga_{1-x}As/GaAs Quantum Dots on the Applied Uniaxial Stress.
Jöns KD, Hafenbrak R, Singh R, Ding F, Plumhof JD, Rastelli A, Schmidt OG, Bester G, Michler P.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 18;107(21):217402. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
PMID:
22181923
[PubMed - in process]
Second line salvage chemotherapy for transplant-eligible patients with Hodgkin lymphoma resistant to platinum-containing first-line salvage chemotherapy.
Villa D, Seshadri T, Puig N, Massey C, Tsang R, Keating A, Crump M, Kuruvilla J.
Haematologica. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22180434
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hole spin relaxation in Ge-Si core-shell nanowire qubits.
Hu Y, Kuemmeth F, Lieber CM, Marcus CM.
Nat Nanotechnol. 2011 Dec 18;7(1):47-50. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2011.234.
PMID:
22179569
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis, radiometal labeling and in vitro evaluation of a targeted PPIX derivative.
Behnam Azad B, Cho CF, Lewis JD, Luyt LG.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2012 Mar;70(3):505-11. Epub 2011 Dec 6.
PMID:
22178308
[PubMed - in process]
Leukemia, thyroiditis and gallium-67 scan.
Wiwanitkit V.
Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2011 Apr;32(2):122. No abstract available.
PMID:
22174505
[PubMed - in process]
Unusual presentation of mycosis fungoides as a lump in the scalp.
Imran MB, Othman S, Shahid A.
Singapore Med J. 2011 Nov;52(11):e226-8.
PMID:
22173261
[PubMed - in process]
(68)Ga-labeling and in vivo evaluation of a uPAR binding DOTA- and NODAGA-conjugated peptide for PET imaging of invasive cancers.
Persson M, Madsen J, Ostergaard S, Ploug M, Kjaer A.
Nucl Med Biol. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22172391
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cathodoluminescence spectra of gallium nitride nanorods.
Tsai CC, Li GH, Lin YT, Chang CW, Wadekar P, Chen QY, Rigutti L, Tchernycheva M, Julien FH, Tu LW.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Dec 14;6(1):631. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22168896
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Design of neutral lewis superacids of group 13 elements.
Mück LA, Timoshkin AY, Frenking G.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):640-6. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
PMID:
22168307
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Gallium-67 scintigraphy in the evaluation of occult sepsis in the medical ICU.
Chen WC, Tsai KD, Chen CH, Lin MS, Chen CM, Shih CM, Chen W.
Intern Emerg Med. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22167445
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Susceptibility of Candida albicans to photodynamic therapy using methylene blue and toluidine blue as photosensitizing dyes.
Pupo YM, Gomes GM, Santos EB, Chaves L, Michel MD, Kozlowski VA Jr, Gomes OM, Gomes JC.
Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011;24(2):188-92.
PMID:
22165318
[PubMed - in process]
Recent Research & Development for Selenium
Toenail selenium status and the risk of Barrett's esophagus: the Netherlands Cohort Study.
Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Driessen AL, Huysentruyt CJ, Keulemans YC, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA.
Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936529 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Promotion of Growth in Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) by Selenium is Associated with Stimulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism.
Malik JA, Kumar S, Thakur P, Sharma S, Kaur N, Kaur R, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, Singh K, Srivastava A, Nayyar H.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Transition metal chemistry of cyclodiphosphanes containing phosphine and amide-phosphine functionalities: Formation of a stable dipalladium(II) complex containing a Pd-P s-bond.
Balakrishna MS, Venkateswaran R, Mague JT.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Associations between blood metals and fecundity among women residing in New York State.
Bloom MS, Louis GM, Sundaram R, Kostyniak PJ, Jain J.
Reprod Toxicol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
The protective role of selenium in recalcitrant Acer saccharium L. seeds subjected to desiccation.
Pukacka S, Ratajczak E, Kalemba E.
J Plant Physiol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933296 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia.
Ikonomopoulou MP, Olszowy H, Limpus C, Francis R, Whittier J.
Mar Environ Res. 2010 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933265 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Correlation between serum selenium level and febrile seizures.
Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Fallahi M, Javadi A.
Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Nov;43(5):331-4.PMID: 20933176 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Anti-Tumor Activity of Aloe vera Against DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Mice.
Saini M, Goyal PK, Chaudhary G.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2010;29(2):127-35.PMID: 20932247 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Aluminosilicate Relatives: Chalcogenoaluminogermanates Rb(3)(AlQ(2))(3)(GeQ(2))(7) (Q = S, Se).
Rothenberger A, Shafaei-Fallah M, Kanatzidis MG.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20932019 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Nutrient Approach to Prostate Cancer Prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
Dunn BK, Richmond ES, Minasian LM, Ryan AM, Ford LG.
Nutr Cancer. 2010 Oct;62(7):896-918.PMID: 20924966 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy.
Franca CA, Nogueira CR, Ramalho A, Carvalho AC, Vieira SL, Penna AB.
Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20924074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Kenji Soda--researching enzymes with the spirit of an alpinist.
Yoshimura T, Mihara H, Ohshima T, Tanizawa K.
J Biochem. 2010 Oct;148(4):371-9.PMID: 20924059 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Inhibitory effect of arsenic on aerobic gut flora in rat.
Choudhry ZK, Misbahuddin M, Hosain AK, Saleh AA.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2009 Dec;35(3):79-83.PMID: 20922909 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
[Endemic and biogeochemical features of the territory of Chuvash Republic]
[No authors listed]
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2010;(8):40-6. Russian. PMID: 20922843 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Interaction of uranyl with Se(IV) and Se(VI) in aqueous acid solutions by means of capillary electrophoresis.
Sladkov V.
Electrophoresis. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922762 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Ensemble Modeling Coupled with Six Element Concentrations in Human Blood for Cancer Diagnosis.
Chen H, Tan C, Wu T.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922500 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Use of dietary vitamin E and selenium (Se) to increase the shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged light lamb meat.
Ripoll G, Joy M, Muñoz F.
Meat Sci. 2010 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20920835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Impacts of maternal selenium and nutritional level on growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in female offspring in sheep.
Vonnahme KA, Luther JS, Reynolds LP, Hammer CJ, Carlson DB, Redmer DA, Caton JS.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2010 Nov;39(4):240-8. Epub 2010 Jul 25.PMID: 20920781 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Mutations disrupting selenocysteine formation cause progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy.
Agamy O, Ben Zeev B, Lev D, Marcus B, Fine D, Su D, Narkis G, Ofir R, Hoffmann C, Leshinsky-Silver E, Flusser H, Sivan S, Söll D, Lerman-Sagie T, Birk OS.
Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Oct 8;87(4):538-44.PMID: 20920667 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Developmental toxicity of selenium to Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma).
McDonald BG, Debruyn AM, Elphick JR, Davies M, Bustard D, Chapman PM.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20891017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved.
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Gallium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the most important are the compounds of gallium with Gallium, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. 
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selęnę" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
