Gadolinium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography.
Gadolinium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Gadolinium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium’s shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is very toxic.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Gadolinium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
Gadolinium was first discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880.
The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin.
 gadolinium |
 Gadolinium |
 gadolinio |
 Gadolíneo |
 gadolinio |
 Gadolinium |
Gadolinium Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of Gadolinium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Gd-152 |
151.920 |
0.20 |
| Gd-154 |
153.921 |
2.18 |
| Gd-155 |
154.923 |
14.80 |
| Gd-156 |
155.922 |
20.47 |
| Gd-157 |
156.924 |
15.65 |
| Gd-158 |
157.924 |
24.84 |
| Gd-160 |
159.927 |
21.86 |
The following table shows the abundance of Gadolinium present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
no data |
2 ppb |
| by Atom |
no data |
0.02 ppb |
Gadolinium Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for Gadolinium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Gadolinium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for Gadolinium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
593.40 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1166.52 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
1990.51 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to Gadolinium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 140.5 µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.2-. The thermal conductivity of Gadolinium is 10.6 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties of Gadolinium. The melting point and boiling point for Gadolinium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
15.5 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
301 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
398.94 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for GadoliniumFeasibility of Using MR Enterography (MRE) for the Assessment of Terminal Ileitis and Inflammatory Activity in Children with Crohn's Disease (CD).
Silverstein J, Grand D, Kawatu D, Shah SA, Steinkeler J, Leleiko N.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241511
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland: MR imaging findings].
Zhang B, Shi HM.
Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2011 Dec;20(6):648-52. Chinese.
PMID:
22241320
[PubMed - in process]
CMR With Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Genotype Positive-Phenotype Negative Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
Rowin EJ, Maron MS, Lesser JR, Maron BJ.
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Jan;5(1):119-22. No abstract available.
PMID:
22239901
[PubMed - in process]
Peptide-mediated nanoengineering of inorganic particle sur-faces: A general route toward surface functionalization via peptide adhesion domains.
Schwemmer T, Baumgartner J, Faivre D, Boerner HG.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22239472
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Aqueductal developmental venous anomaly as an unusual cause of congenital hydrocephalus: a case report and review of the literature.
Paulson D, Hwang SW, Whitehead WE, Curry DJ, Luerssen TG, Jea A.
J Med Case Reports. 2012 Jan 11;6(1):7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22236945
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
MR Imaging and CT Evaluation of Congenital Pulmonary Vein Abnormalities in Neonates and Infants.
Vyas HV, Greenberg SB, Krishnamurthy R.
Radiographics. 2012 Jan;32(1):87-98.
PMID:
22236895
[PubMed - in process]
In vivo MRI Characterization of Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction in the mdx Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy.
Stuckey DJ, Carr CA, Camelliti P, Tyler DJ, Davies KE, Clarke K.
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e28569. Epub 2012 Jan 3.
PMID:
22235247
[PubMed - in process]
Impact of inflammation on brain volume in multiple sclerosis.
Cheriyan J, Kim S, Wolansky LJ, Cook SD, Cadavid D.
Arch Neurol. 2012 Jan;69(1):82-8.
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22232347
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A calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel in the thick ascending limb apical membrane of the mouse kidney.
Guinamard R, Paulais M, Lourdel S, Teulon J.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22230350
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: toward improved treatment decisions.
Murakami T, Imai Y, Okada M, Hyodo T, Lee WJ, Kim MJ, Kim T, Choi BI.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:86-99. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212941
[PubMed - in process]
Diagnostic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress.
Kudo M.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:73-85. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
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22212940
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Usefulness of combination of imaging modalities in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using sonazoid®-enhanced ultrasound, gadolinium diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic Acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
Alaboudy A, Inoue T, Hatanaka K, Chung H, Hyodo T, Kumano S, Murakami T, Moustafa EF, Kudo M.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:66-72. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212939
[PubMed - in process]
Gd(2)O(3) nanoparticles in hematopoietic cells for MRI contrast enhancement.
Hedlund A, Ahrén M, Gustafsson H, Abrikossova N, Warntjes M, Jönsson JI, Uvdal K, Engström M.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:3233-40. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
PMID:
22228991
[PubMed - in process]
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Pak K, Kim SJ, Kim IJ, Suh KT.
Clin Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;37(2):134-6.
PMID:
22228334
[PubMed - in process]
Hepatic parenchymal enhancement at Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging: correlation with morphological grading of severity in cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.
Kanki A, Tamada T, Higaki A, Noda Y, Tanimoto D, Sato T, Higashi H, Ito K.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
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22227353
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A simple way to acquire T(1)-weighted MR images of rat liver with respiratory triggering.
Morikawa S, Murayama H, Fujimoto S, Shiino A, Inubushi T.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
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22227350
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Firategrast for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Miller DH, Weber T, Grove R, Wardell C, Horrigan J, Graff O, Atkinson G, Dua P, Yousry T, Macmanus D, Montalban X.
Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22226929
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Potential of the gastric motility drug lorglumide in prostate cancer imaging.
Sturzu A, Sheikh S, Klose U, Echner H, Kalbacher H, Deeg M, Nägele T, Horger M, Schwentner C, Ernemann U, Heckl S.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
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22226647
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22226320
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Hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopy detects early changes in tumor vasculature and metabolism after VEGF neutralization.
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Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
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22223844
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