See safety data and research. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Gadolinium Cerium Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density  and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Gadolinium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
 Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is very toxic. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and  scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds  with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Gadolinium was first discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880. The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. See Gadolinium research below. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography.
 Cerium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Cerium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f2 6s2. In its elemental form cerium's CAS number is 7440-45-1. The cerium atom has a radius of 182.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 181.pm. Cerium is moderately toxic. Cerium is one of the products manufactured and distributed under the tradename AE Rare Earths. Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earths metals. It is characterized chemically by having two valence states , the +3 cerous and +4 ceric states. The ceric state is the only non-trivalent rare earth ion stable in aqueous solutions.It is, therefore, strongly acidic and moderately toxic. It is also a strong oxidizer.The cerous state closely resembles the other trivalent rare earths. The numerous commercial applications for cerium include metallurgy, glass and glass polishing, ceramics, catalysts, as the electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells when doped with yttrium, gadolinium or samarium and in phosphors. In steel manufacturing it is used to remove free oxygen and sulfur by forming stable oxysulfides and by tying up undesirable trace elements, such as lead and antimony. It is considered to be the most efficient glass polishing agent for precision optical polishing. It is also used to decolor glass by keeping iron in its ferrous state. The ability of cerium-doped glass to block out ultra violet light is utilized in the manufacturing of medical glassware and aerospace windows. It is also used to prevent polymers from darkening in sunlight and to suppress discoloration of television glass.
Cerium was first discovered by W. von Hisinger in 1903. The element was named after the asteroid Ceres. See Cerium research below.
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PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES |
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
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PMID:
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- [Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland: MR imaging findings].
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- CMR With Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Genotype Positive-Phenotype Negative Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
Rowin EJ, Maron MS, Lesser JR, Maron BJ.
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Schwemmer T, Baumgartner J, Faivre D, Boerner HG.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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- Aqueductal developmental venous anomaly as an unusual cause of congenital hydrocephalus: a case report and review of the literature.
Paulson D, Hwang SW, Whitehead WE, Curry DJ, Luerssen TG, Jea A.
J Med Case Reports. 2012 Jan 11;6(1):7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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Radiographics. 2012 Jan;32(1):87-98.
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Arch Neurol. 2012 Jan;69(1):82-8.
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Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print]
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Alaboudy A, Inoue T, Hatanaka K, Chung H, Hyodo T, Kumano S, Murakami T, Moustafa EF, Kudo M.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:66-72. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
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Hedlund A, Ahrén M, Gustafsson H, Abrikossova N, Warntjes M, Jönsson JI, Uvdal K, Engström M.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:3233-40. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
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Pak K, Kim SJ, Kim IJ, Suh KT.
Clin Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;37(2):134-6.
PMID:
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Kanki A, Tamada T, Higaki A, Noda Y, Tanimoto D, Sato T, Higashi H, Ito K.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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Morikawa S, Murayama H, Fujimoto S, Shiino A, Inubushi T.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
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Miller DH, Weber T, Grove R, Wardell C, Horrigan J, Graff O, Atkinson G, Dua P, Yousry T, Macmanus D, Montalban X.
Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
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Sturzu A, Sheikh S, Klose U, Echner H, Kalbacher H, Deeg M, Nägele T, Horger M, Schwentner C, Ernemann U, Heckl S.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
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Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Santaularia Tomas M, Sasano T, Soleimanifard S, Vonken EJ, Youssef A, Agarwal H, Dimaano VL, Calkins H, Stuber M, Prince JL, Abraham TP, Abraham MR.
J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012 Jan 6;14(1):1. [Epub ahead of print]
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Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
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Vasudevan KV, Smith NA, Scott BL, Bennett BL, Muenchausen RE, Gordon JC.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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Silveira G, Morais AD, Villis PC, Maroneze CM, Gushikem Y, Lucho AM, Pissetti FL.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Dec 6. [Epub ahead of print]
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Dan M, Wu P, Grulke EA, Graham UM, Unrine JM, Yokel RA.
Nanomedicine (Lond). 2012 Jan;7(1):95-110.
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Fu B, Liang R, Xia Q, Ding L, Xu K, Ren H.
Water Sci Technol. 2011;64(7):1459-65.
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- Operando DRIFTS study of the redox and catalytic properties of CuO/Ce(1-x)Tb(x)O(2-d) (x = 0-0.5) catalysts: evidence of an induction step during CO oxidation.
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Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
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Material Safety Data Sheet |
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1 Identification of substance
- Product details
- Trade name Gadolinium metal
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2 Composition/Data on components:
- Chemical characterization:
Designation: (CAS#)
Gadolinium (CAS# 7440-54-2), 100%
- Identification number(s):
- EINECS Number: 231-160-1
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3 Hazards identification
- Hazard designation: F Highly flammable
- Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
R 11 Highly flammable.
R 15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
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4 First aid measures
- After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
- After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
- After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
- After swallowing Seek immediate medical advice.
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5 Fire fighting measures
- Suitable extinguishing agents Extinguishing powder. Do not use water.
- For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents
Water.
Halocarbon extinguisher
- Special hazards caused by the material, its products of combustion or
flue gases:
Contact with water releases hydrogen (explosive).
- Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
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6 Accidental release measures
- Person-related safety precautions:
Wear protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away.
Ensure adequate ventilation
Keep away from ignition sources
- Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
- Measures for cleaning/collecting:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Do not flush with water or aqueous cleansing agents
Keep away from ignition sources.
- Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
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7 Handling and storage
- Handling
- Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
Ensure good ventilation/exhaustion at the workplace.
Open and handle container with care.
- Information about protection against explosions and fires:
Keep ignition sources away - Do not smoke.
Protect against electrostatic charges.
Fumes can combine with air to form an explosive mixture.
- Storage
- Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
Store in cool location.
- Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from water.
Do not store together with oxidizing and acidic materials.
Store away from halogens.
- Further information about storage conditions:
Store in petroleum or under dry argon.
Protect from humidity and keep away from water.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
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8 Exposure controls and personal protection
- Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
- Components with critical values that require monitoring at the
workplace:
Not required.
- Additional information: No data
- Personal protective equipment
- General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
- Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
- Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
- Eye protection:
Safety glasses
Full face protection
Face protection
- Body protection: Protective work clothing.
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9 Physical and chemical properties:
- General Information
- Form: Chunks
- Colour: Silver-coloured
- Smell: Odourless
- Value/Range Unit Method
- Change in condition
- Melting point/Melting range: 1312 ° C
- Boiling point/Boiling range: 3000 ° C
- Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
- Flash point: Not applicable
- Inflammability (solid, gaseous) Highly flammable.
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
- Ignition temperature: Not determined
- Decomposition temperature: Not determined
- Critical values for explosion:
- Lower: Not determined
- Upper: Not determined
- Steam pressure: Not determined
- Density at 20 ° C 7.89 g/cm³
- Solubility in / Miscibility with
- Water: Not determined
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10 Stability and reactivity
- Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
- Materials to be avoided:
Oxidizing agents
Water/moisture
Acids
Halogens
Air
- Dangerous reactions: Contact with water releases flammable gases
- Dangerous products of decomposition: Hydrogen
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11 Toxicological information
- Acute toxicity:
- Primary irritant effect:
- on the skin: Irritant for skin and mucous membranes.
- on the eye: Irritant effect.
- Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
- Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
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12 Ecological information:
- General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities of it to reach ground water, water bodies or sewage system.
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13 Disposal considerations
- Product:
- Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
- Uncleaned packagings:
- Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
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14 Transport information
- Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
- ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: 4.1 (F3) Flammable solids.
- Kemler Number: 40
- UN-Number: 3178
- Packaging group: III
- Label 4.1
- Designation of goods: 3178 FLAMMABLE SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S.
(gadolinium)
- Maritime transport IMDG/GGVSea:
- IMDG/GGVSea Class: 4.1
- UN Number: 3178
- Label 4.1
- Packaging group: III
- Correct technical name: FLAMMABLE SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S.
(gadolinium)
- Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR:
- ICAO/IATA Class: 4.1
- UN/ID Number: 3178
- Label 4.1
- Packaging group: III
- Correct technical name: FLAMMABLE SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S.
(gadolinium)
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15 Regulatory information
- Designation according to EC guidelines:
- Code letter and hazard designation of product: F Highly flammable
- Risk phrases:
11 Highly flammable.
15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
- National regulations
- Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Employment restrictions concerning young persons must be observed.
- Water hazard class:
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
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16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
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| American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved. |
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