Gadolinium
Metal
is available as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder
, rod, wire, and sputtering target. See safety data and research below. Ultra high purity and high purity forms also include metal powder, submicron powder and nanoscale, quantum dots, targets for thin film deposition, pellets for evaporation and single crystal or polycrystalline forms. Elements can also be introduced into alloys or other systems as fluorides, oxides or chlorides or as solutions. Gadolinium metal is generally immediately available in most volumes. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94
µB) and in phosphors and scintillators. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe]4f75d16s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography.
Volumetry of [(11)C]-methionine PET uptake and MRI contrast enhancement in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme.
Galldiks N, Ullrich R, Schroeter M, Fink GR, Kracht LW.
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009 Aug 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19662410 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[MRI exploration for the evaluation of orbital implant biocolonization in children enucleated for retinoblastoma.]
Douira-Khomsi W, Korchane N, Louati H, Bhouri L, Kchaou I, Ben Hassine L, Bouguila H, Ayed S, Bellagha I.
J Fr Ophtalmol. 2009 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print] French.
PMID: 19660832 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Magnetic resonance imaging of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with dual (MR and fluorescence) agents in rat spinal cord injury.
Shen J, Zhong XM, Duan XH, Cheng LN, Hong GB, Bi XB, Liu Y.
Acad Radiol. 2009 Sep;16(9):1142-54.
PMID: 19660710 [PubMed - in process]
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats-A 3 T MRI study on biphasic blood-brain barrier opening and the dynamics of edema formation.
Pillai DR, Dittmar MS, Baldaranov D, Heidemann RM, Henning EC, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, Schlachetzki F.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2009 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19654585 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Perfusion MR Imaging With SPIO: A Pilot Study.
Amemiya S, Akahane M, Aoki S, Abe O, Kamada K, Saito N, Ohtomo K.
Invest Radiol. 2009 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19652616 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Spectroscopic analysis of Nd:GGG laser crystal]
Zeng FM, Zhang Y, Sun J, Liu JH.
Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi. 2009 May;29(5):1323-6. Chinese.
PMID: 19650481 [PubMed - in process]
A patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia who presented with conus medullaris syndrome and review of the literature.
Olcay L, Arbas BK, Gökçe M.
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2009 Jun;31(6):440-7.
PMID: 19648794 [PubMed - in process]
Inhibitory role of toll-like receptors agonists in Plasmodium yoelii liver stage development.
Chen J, Xu W, Zhou T, Ding Y, Duan J, Huang F.
Parasite Immunol. 2009 Aug;31(8):466-73.
PMID: 19646211 [PubMed - in process]
Feasibility of T(2) (*) mapping for the evaluation of hip joint cartilage at 1.5T using a three-dimensional (3D), gradient-echo (GRE) sequence: A prospective study.
Bittersohl B, Hosalkar HS, Hughes T, Kim YJ, Werlen S, Siebenrock KA, Mamisch TC.
Magn Reson Med. 2009 Jul 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19645008 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Detection of coronary artery lesions and myocardial necrosis by magnetic resonance in systemic necrotizing vasculitides.
Mavrogeni S, Manoussakis MN, Karagiorga TC, Douskou M, Panagiotakos D, Bournia V, Cokkinos DV, Moutsopoulos HM.
Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Jul 30;61(8):1121-1129. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19644909 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Potential side effects of gadolinium-enhanced MRI .
Smith SM, Hoag SD.
Am Fam Physician. 2009 Aug 1;80(3):214. No abstract available.
PMID: 19642251 [PubMed - in process]
Crystal structure of the ATP-gated P2X(4) ion channel in the closed state.
Kawate T, Michel JC, Birdsong WT, Gouaux E.
Nature. 2009 Jul 30;460(7255):592-8.
PMID: 19641588 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Clinical evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging in coronary heart disease: The CE-MARC study.
Greenwood JP, Maredia N, Radjenovic A, Brown JM, Nixon J, Farrin AJ, Dickinson C, Younger JF, Ridgway JP, Sculpher M, Ball SG, Plein S.
Trials. 2009 Jul 29;10(1):62. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19640271 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Motexafin gadolinium: a novel radiosensitizer for brain tumors.
Francis D, Richards GM, Forouzannia A, Mehta MP, Khuntia D.
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19640206 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of intravenous gadolinium-DTPA on diffusion tensor MR imaging for the evaluation of brain tumors.
Bae MS, Jahng GH, Ryu CW, Kim EJ, Choi WS, Yang DM.
Neuroradiology. 2009 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19636547 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mural Inflammation in Crohn Disease: Location-Matched Histologic Validation of MR Imaging Features.
Punwani S, Rodriguez-Justo M, Bainbridge A, Greenhalgh R, De Vita E, Bloom S, Cohen R, Windsor A, Obichere A, Hansmann A, Novelli M, Halligan S, Taylor SA.
Radiology. 2009 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19635832 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Juxta-articular myxoma within the suprapatellar pouch masquerading as a ganglion cyst.
Kosty JW, Moore JG.
Orthopedics. 2009 Jul;32(7):527. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20090527-27.
PMID: 19634839 [PubMed - in process]
The Evolution of Osseous Metaplasia in Localized Cutaneous Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: A Case Report.
Wiedemeyer K, Kutzner H, Abraham JL, Thakral C, Carlson JA, Tran TA, Hausser I, Hartschuh W.
Am J Dermatopathol. 2009 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19633532 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Lumbar congestive myelopathy mimicking neoplasia without concurrent vascular malformation.
Tsutsumi S, Abe Y, Yasumoto Y, Ito M.
Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2009 Jul;49(7):316-9.
PMID: 19633406 [PubMed - in process]
Electrocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters as predictors of a worse outcome in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Hombach V, Merkle N, Torzewski J, Kraus JM, Kunze M, Zimmermann O, Kestler HA, Wöhrle J.
Eur Heart J. 2009 Jul 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19633015 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Material Safety Data Sheet
1 Identification of substance
Product details
Trade name Gadolinium metal
2 Composition/Data on components:
Chemical characterization: Designation: (CAS#)
Gadolinium (CAS# 7440-54-2), 100%
Identification number(s):
EINECS Number: 231-160-1
3 Hazards identification
Hazard designation: F Highly flammable
Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
R 11 Highly flammable.
R 15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
4 First aid measures
After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
After swallowing Seek immediate medical advice.
5 Fire fighting measures
Suitable extinguishing agents Extinguishing powder. Do not use water.
For safety reasons unsuitable extinguishing agents
Water.
Halocarbon extinguisher
Special hazards caused by the material, its products of combustion or flue gases:
Contact with water releases hydrogen (explosive).
Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Measures for cleaning/collecting:
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Do not flush with water or aqueous cleansing agents
Keep away from ignition sources.
Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
7 Handling and storage
Handling
Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
Ensure good ventilation/exhaustion at the workplace.
Open and handle container with care.
Information about protection against explosions and fires:
Keep ignition sources away - Do not smoke.
Protect against electrostatic charges.
Fumes can combine with air to form an explosive mixture.
Storage
Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
Store in cool location.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from water.
Do not store together with oxidizing and acidic materials.
Store away from halogens.
Further information about storage conditions:
Store in petroleum or under dry argon.
Protect from humidity and keep away from water.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
Components with critical values that require monitoring at the workplace:
Not required.
Additional information: No data
Personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
Eye protection:
Safety glasses
Full face protection
Face protection
Body protection: Protective work clothing.
9 Physical and chemical properties:
General Information
Form: Chunks
Colour: Silver-coloured
Smell: Odourless
Value/Range Unit Method
Change in condition
Melting point/Melting range: 1312 ° C
Boiling point/Boiling range: 3000 ° C
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
Flash point: Not applicable
Inflammability (solid, gaseous) Highly flammable.
Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
Ignition temperature: Not determined
Decomposition temperature: Not determined
Critical values for explosion:
Lower: Not determined
Upper: Not determined
Steam pressure: Not determined
Density at 20 ° C 7.89 g/cm³
Solubility in / Miscibility with
Water: Not determined
10 Stability and reactivity
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
Materials to be avoided:
Oxidizing agents
Water/moisture
Acids
Halogens
Air
Dangerous reactions: Contact with water releases flammable gases
Dangerous products of decomposition: Hydrogen
11 Toxicological information
Acute toxicity:
Primary irritant effect:
on the skin: Irritant for skin and mucous membranes.
on the eye: Irritant effect.
Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
12 Ecological information:
General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities of it to reach ground water, water bodies or sewage system.
13 Disposal considerations
Product:
Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
Uncleaned packagings:
Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
14 Transport information
Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: 4.1 (F3) Flammable solids.
Kemler Number: 40
UN-Number: 3178
Packaging group: III
Label 4.1
Designation of goods: 3178 FLAMMABLE SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S.
(gadolinium)
Code letter and hazard designation of product: F Highly flammable
Risk phrases:
11 Highly flammable.
15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.
National regulations
Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Employment restrictions concerning young persons must be observed.
Water hazard class:
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
American Elements Products can also be sourced at these sites:
, rod, wire, and sputtering target. See safety data and research below. Ultra high purity and high purity forms also include metal powder, submicron powder and nanoscale, quantum dots, targets for thin film deposition, pellets for evaporation and single crystal or polycrystalline forms. Elements can also be introduced into alloys or other systems as fluorides, oxides or chlorides or as solutions. Gadolinium metal is generally immediately available in most volumes. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94
µB) and in phosphors and scintillators. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
