 American Elements specializes in producing high purity Gadolinium Oxide Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density  and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Gadolinium Oxide as rods, powder and plates. Oxide compounds are not conductive to electricity.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. Other shapes are available by request.
 Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is very toxic. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and  scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds  with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Gadolinium was first discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880. The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. See Gadolinium research below.
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PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES |
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
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Recent Research & Development for Gadolinium
- Feasibility of Using MR Enterography (MRE) for the Assessment of Terminal Ileitis and Inflammatory Activity in Children with Crohn's Disease (CD).
Silverstein J, Grand D, Kawatu D, Shah SA, Steinkeler J, Leleiko N.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22241511
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- [Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland: MR imaging findings].
Zhang B, Shi HM.
Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue. 2011 Dec;20(6):648-52. Chinese.
PMID:
22241320
[PubMed - in process]
- CMR With Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Genotype Positive-Phenotype Negative Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.
Rowin EJ, Maron MS, Lesser JR, Maron BJ.
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012 Jan;5(1):119-22. No abstract available.
PMID:
22239901
[PubMed - in process]
- Peptide-mediated nanoengineering of inorganic particle sur-faces: A general route toward surface functionalization via peptide adhesion domains.
Schwemmer T, Baumgartner J, Faivre D, Boerner HG.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22239472
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Aqueductal developmental venous anomaly as an unusual cause of congenital hydrocephalus: a case report and review of the literature.
Paulson D, Hwang SW, Whitehead WE, Curry DJ, Luerssen TG, Jea A.
J Med Case Reports. 2012 Jan 11;6(1):7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22236945
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- MR Imaging and CT Evaluation of Congenital Pulmonary Vein Abnormalities in Neonates and Infants.
Vyas HV, Greenberg SB, Krishnamurthy R.
Radiographics. 2012 Jan;32(1):87-98.
PMID:
22236895
[PubMed - in process]
- In vivo MRI Characterization of Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction in the mdx Mouse Model of Muscular Dystrophy.
Stuckey DJ, Carr CA, Camelliti P, Tyler DJ, Davies KE, Clarke K.
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e28569. Epub 2012 Jan 3.
PMID:
22235247
[PubMed - in process]
- Impact of inflammation on brain volume in multiple sclerosis.
Cheriyan J, Kim S, Wolansky LJ, Cook SD, Cadavid D.
Arch Neurol. 2012 Jan;69(1):82-8.
PMID:
22232347
[PubMed - in process]
- A calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel in the thick ascending limb apical membrane of the mouse kidney.
Guinamard R, Paulais M, Lourdel S, Teulon J.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Dec 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22230350
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: toward improved treatment decisions.
Murakami T, Imai Y, Okada M, Hyodo T, Lee WJ, Kim MJ, Kim T, Choi BI.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:86-99. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212941
[PubMed - in process]
- Diagnostic imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma: recent progress.
Kudo M.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:73-85. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212940
[PubMed - in process]
- Usefulness of combination of imaging modalities in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using sonazoid®-enhanced ultrasound, gadolinium diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic Acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography.
Alaboudy A, Inoue T, Hatanaka K, Chung H, Hyodo T, Kumano S, Murakami T, Moustafa EF, Kudo M.
Oncology. 2011;81 Suppl 1:66-72. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
PMID:
22212939
[PubMed - in process]
- Gd(2)O(3) nanoparticles in hematopoietic cells for MRI contrast enhancement.
Hedlund A, Ahrén M, Gustafsson H, Abrikossova N, Warntjes M, Jönsson JI, Uvdal K, Engström M.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:3233-40. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
PMID:
22228991
[PubMed - in process]
- Hepatic Uptake of Tc-99m DPD on Bone Scintigraphy: The Influence of the Interval With Gadolinium-Containing Contrast of MRI.
Pak K, Kim SJ, Kim IJ, Suh KT.
Clin Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;37(2):134-6.
PMID:
22228334
[PubMed - in process]
- Hepatic parenchymal enhancement at Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging: correlation with morphological grading of severity in cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis.
Kanki A, Tamada T, Higaki A, Noda Y, Tanimoto D, Sato T, Higashi H, Ito K.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22227353
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- A simple way to acquire T(1)-weighted MR images of rat liver with respiratory triggering.
Morikawa S, Murayama H, Fujimoto S, Shiino A, Inubushi T.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22227350
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Firategrast for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Miller DH, Weber T, Grove R, Wardell C, Horrigan J, Graff O, Atkinson G, Dua P, Yousry T, Macmanus D, Montalban X.
Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22226929
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Potential of the gastric motility drug lorglumide in prostate cancer imaging.
Sturzu A, Sheikh S, Klose U, Echner H, Kalbacher H, Deeg M, Nägele T, Horger M, Schwentner C, Ernemann U, Heckl S.
Eur J Pharm Sci. 2011 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22226647
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Assessment of Distribution and Evolution of Mechanical Dyssynchrony in a Porcine Model of Myocardial Infarction by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.
Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Santaularia Tomas M, Sasano T, Soleimanifard S, Vonken EJ, Youssef A, Agarwal H, Dimaano VL, Calkins H, Stuber M, Prince JL, Abraham TP, Abraham MR.
J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012 Jan 6;14(1):1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22226320
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
- Hyperpolarized 13C spectroscopy detects early changes in tumor vasculature and metabolism after VEGF neutralization.
Bohndiek SE, Kettunen MI, Hu DE, Brindle KM.
Cancer Res. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22223844
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Material Safety Data Sheet |
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1 Identification of substance
- Product details
- Trade name Gadolinium oxide
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2 Composition/Data on components:
- Chemical characterization:
Designation: (CAS#)
Gadolinium oxide (CAS# 12064-62-9), 100%
- Identification number(s):
- EINECS Number: 235-060-9
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3 Hazards identification
- Hazard designation: · void
- Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
Not applicable
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4 First aid measures
- After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
- After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
- After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
- After swallowing Seek medical treatment.
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5 Fire fighting measures
- Suitable extinguishing agents
Use fire fighting measures that suit the environment.
- Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
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6 Accidental release measures
- Person-related safety precautions:
Wear protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away.
Ensure adequate ventilation
- Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
- Measures for cleaning/collecting: Collect mechanically.
- Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
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7 Handling and storage
- Handling
- Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
No special precautions necessary if used correctly.
- Information about protection against explosions and fires:
The product is not flammable
- Storage
- Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
No special requirements.
- Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Do not store together with acids.
- Further information about storage conditions:
This product is hygroscopic.
Protect from carbon dioxide.
Avoid contact with air / oxygen.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
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8 Exposure controls and personal protection
- Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
- Components with critical values that require monitoring at the
workplace:
Not required.
- Additional information: No data
- Personal protective equipment
- General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
- Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
- Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
- Eye protection: Safety glasses
- Body protection: Protective work clothing.
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9 Physical and chemical properties:
- General Information
- Form: Lump
- Colour: White
- Smell: Odourless
- Value/Range Unit Method
- Change in condition
- Melting point/Melting range: 2350 ° C
- Boiling point/Boiling range: Not determined
- Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
- Flash point: Not applicable
- Inflammability (solid, gaseous) Product is not inflammable.
- Ignition temperature: Not determined
- Decomposition temperature: Not determined
- Danger of explosion: Product is not explosive.
- Critical values for explosion:
- Lower: Not determined
- Upper: Not determined
- Steam pressure: Not determined
- Density at 20 ° C 7.407 g/cm³
- Solubility in / Miscibility with
- Water: Insoluble
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10 Stability and reactivity
- Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
- Materials to be avoided:
Acids
Air
Carbon dioxide
- Dangerous reactions: No dangerous reactions known
- Dangerous products of decomposition: Metal oxide
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11 Toxicological information
- Acute toxicity:
LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:
Oral: LD50: >5000 mg/kg (rat)
Irritation of eyes: mild: 100 mg (rbt)
- Primary irritant effect:
- on the skin: Powder: irritant effect
- on the eye: Powder: irritant effect
- Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
- Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
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12 Ecological information:
- General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Generally not hazardous for water.
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13 Disposal considerations
- Product:
- Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
- Uncleaned packagings:
- Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
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14 Transport information
- Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
- ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: None
- Maritime transport IMDG/GGVSea:
- IMDG/GGVSea Class: None
- Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR:
- ICAO/IATA Class: None
- Transport/Additional information:
Not dangerous according to the above specifications.
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15 Regulatory information
- Designation according to EC guidelines:
Observe the normal safety regulations when handling chemicals
The product is not subject to identification regulations under EC Directives and the Ordinance on Hazardous Materials (GefStoffV).
- National regulations
- Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
- Water hazard class: Generally not hazardous for water.
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16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
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| American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved. |
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