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Germanium Bromide
GeBr2

24415-00-7
Product Product Code Order or Specifications
(2N) 99% Germanium Bromide GE-BR-02 Contact American Elements
(3N) 99.9% Germanium Bromide GE-BR-03 Contact American Elements
(4N) 99.99% Germanium Bromide GE-BR-04 Contact American Elements
(5N) 99.999% Germanium Bromide GE-BR-05 Contact American Elements
Bromide IonGermanium Bromide is a highly water soluble crystalline Germanium source for uses compatible with Bromides and lower (acidic) pH. Most metal bromide compounds are water soluble for uses in water treatment, chemical analysis and in ultra high purity for certain crystal growth applications. Bromide in an aqueous solution can be detected by adding Germanium disulfide (CS2) and chlorine. Germanium Bromide is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.

Germanium(Ge) atomic and molecular weight, atomic number and elemental symbolGermanium is a Block P, Group 14, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Germanium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2. In its elemental form germanium's CAS number is 7440-56-4. The germanium atom has a radius of 122.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Germanium is not toxic. Germanium is a very important semiconductor. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with extremely high purities. When germanium is doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor Elemental Germanium element in thousands of electronic Germanium Bohr Modelapplications. The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. The high refractive index and dispersion properties of its oxide's have made germanium useful as a component of wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organo-germanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Germanium was first discovered by Clemens Winkler in 1886. See Germanium research below.

Formula CAS No. Appearance Molecular Weight
GeBr2 24415-00-7 White Crystalline Solid 232.418
PRODUCT CATALOG Bromide Products Foil Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Home

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Recent Research & Development for Germanium

  • Facile central-element exchange in neutral hexacoordinate germanium and silicon complexes; synthesis and characterization of germanium complexes. Yakubovich S, Kalikhman I, Kost D. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 21;39(39):9241-4. Epub 2010 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 20717626.

  • Ionic nature of Ge(II)-centered dications: a germanium K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structures study. Ward MJ, Rupar PA, Murphy MW, Yiu YM, Baines KM, Sham TK. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Oct 7;46(37):7016-8. Epub 2010 Aug 25. PubMed PMID: 20740225.

  • Seedless Growth of Sub-10 nm Germanium Nanowires. Hobbs RG, Barth S, Petkov N, Zirngast M, Marschner C, Morris MA, Holmes JD. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Oct 6;132(39):13742-9. PubMed PMID: 20836555.

  • Group IV nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and biological applications. Fan J, Chu PK. Small. 2010 Oct 4;6(19):2080-98. PubMed PMID: 20730824.

  • Broadband spectral modification from visible light to near-infrared radiation using Ce(3+)-Er(3+) codoped yttrium aluminium garnet. Zhou J, Teng Y, Liu X, Ye S, Ma Z, Qiu J. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2010 Sep 27. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20871892.

  • Scanning Probe Direct-Write of Germanium Nanostructures. Torrey JD, Vasko SE, Kapetanovic A, Zhu Z, Scholl A, Rolandi M. Adv Mater. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20872407.

  • Bone densitometry using x-ray spectra. Krmar M, Shukla S, Ganezer K. Phys Med Biol. 2010 Sep 24;55(20):6105-6123. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20871137.

  • The effect of air mass origin on the ambient concentrations of (7)Be and (210)Pb in Islamabad, Pakistan. Ali N, Khan EU, Akhter P, Khattak NU, Khan F, Rana MA. J Environ Radioact. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20869795.

  • Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon: A Review. Huang Z, Geyer N, Werner P, de Boor J, Gösele U. Adv Mater. 2010 Sep 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20859941.

  • ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF CLAY BRICKS FABRICATED IN THE PUNJAB PROVINCE OF PAKISTAN. Asghar M, Tufail M, Khan K, Mahmood A. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010 Sep 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20858678.

  • Toward a photoconducting semiconductor RF optical fiber antenna array. Davis R, Rice R, Ballato A, Hawkins T, Foy P, Ballato J. Appl Opt. 2010 Sep 20;49(27):5163-8. doi: 10.1364/AO.49.005163. PubMed PMID: 20856292.

  • Enhanced Raman Scattering from Nanoparticle-Decorated Nanocone Substrates: A Practical Approach to Harness In-Plane Excitation. Hu YS, Jeon J, Seok TJ, Lee S, Hafner JH, Drezek RA, Choo H. ACS Nano. 2010 Sep 13. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20836500.

  • Indium Flux-Growth of Eu(2)AuGe(3): A New Germanide with an AlB(2) Superstructure. Sebastian CP, Malliakas CD, Chondroudi M, Schellenberg I, Rayaprol S, Hoffmann RD, Po¨ttgen R, Kanatzidis MG. Inorg Chem. 2010 Sep 13. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20836517.

  • Germanium(ii) hydride mediated reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid and methanol with ammonia borane as the hydrogen source. Jana A, Tavcar G, Roesky HW, John M. Dalton Trans. 2010 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20830405.

  • Survey of materials for nanoskiving and influence of the cutting process on the nanostructures produced. Lipomi DJ, Martinez RV, Rioux RM, Cademartiri L, Reus WF, Whitesides GM. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2010 Sep;2(9):2503-14. PubMed PMID: 20815347.

  • Dual energy CT at the synchrotron: A piglet model for neurovascular research. Schültke E, Kelly ME, Nemoz C, Fiedler S, Ogieglo L, Crawford P, Paterson J, Beavis C, Esteve F, Brochard T, Renier M, Requardt H, Dallery D, Le Duc G, Meguro K. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Aug 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20732772.

  • Impact of source-production revision on the dose-rate constant of 131Cs interstitial brachytherapy sources. Chen Z, Bongiorni P, Nath R. Med Phys. 2010 Jul;37(7):3607-10. PubMed PMID: 20831068; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2902542.

  • Synchrotron-based scattered radiation from phantom materials used in X-ray CT. Rao DV, Swapna M, Cesareo R, Brunetti A, Akatsuka T, Yuasa T, Takeda T, Gigante GE. J Xray Sci Technol. 2010;18(3):327-37. PubMed PMID: 20714090.

  • Methylated Metal(loid) Species in Humans. Met Ions Life Sci. 2010;7:465-521. Hirner AV, Rettenmeier AW. Epub 2010 Jan 30. PubMed PMID: 20877816.

  • Determination method for total arsenic and partial-digestion method with nitric acid for inorganic arsenic speciation in several varieties of rice. Nishimura T, Hamano-Nagaoka M, Sakakibara N, Abe T, Maekawa Y, Maitani T. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2010;51(4):178-81. PubMed PMID: 20827054.

 

Recent Research & Development for Bromides

  • Synthesis of Enol Lactones via Cu(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular O-Vinylation of Carboxylic Acids. Sun C, Fang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Li C. Org Lett. 2010 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19689116 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Formation of ArF from LPdAr(F): Catalytic Conversion of Aryl Triflates to Aryl Fluorides. Watson DA, Su M, Teverovskiy G, Zhang Y, García-Fortanet J, Kinzel T, Buchwald SL. Science. 2009 Aug 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19679769 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • (2-Pyridyl)acetone-Promoted Cu-Catalyzed O-Arylation of Phenols with Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides. Zhang Q, Wang D, Wang X, Ding K. J Org Chem. 2009 Aug 12. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19673481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Ni-Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Nonactivated Alkyl Halides: Orthogonal Functionalization of Alkyl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides. Vechorkin O, Barmaz D, Proust V, Hu X. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 11. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19670863 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Zn-mediated electrochemical allylation of aldehydes in aqueous ammonia. Huang JM, Dong Y. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Jul 14;(26):3943-5. Epub 2009 May 28. PMID: 19662260 [PubMed - in process]

  • Practical Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Diaryl-, Aryl Heteroaryl-, and Diheteroarylmethanols. Salvi L, Kim JG, Walsh PJ. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19653691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Direct Palladium-Catalyzed Arylations of Aryl Bromides with 2/9-Substituted Pyrimido[5,4-b]indolizines. Jiang M, Li T, Meng L, Yang C, Xie Y, Ding J. J Comb Chem. 2009 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19645499 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Versatile chemoselectivity in Ni-catalyzed multiple bond carbonylations and cyclocarbonylations in CO(2)-expanded liquids. del Moral D, Banet Osuna AM, Córdoba A, Moretó JM, Veciana J, Ricart S, Ventosa N. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Aug 21;(31):4723-5. Epub 2009 Jun 29. PMID: 19641822 [PubMed - in process]

  • Highly Selective Biaryl Cross-Coupling Reactions between Aryl Halides and Aryl Grignard Reagents: A New Catalyst Combination of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel Fluorides. Hatakeyama T, Hashimoto S, Ishizuka K, Nakamura M. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19639999 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Hexacationic Dendriphos Ligands in the Pd-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction: Scope and Mechanistic Studies. Snelders DJ, van Koten G, Klein Gebbink RJ. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19639941 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Can One Predict Changes from S(N)1 to S(N)2 Mechanisms? Phan TB, Nolte C, Kobayashi S, Ofial AR, Mayr H. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19634906 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • A General Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Azoles with Vinyl Bromides. Liao Q, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xi C. J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19603753 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Kinetics of Bromine-Magnesium Exchange Reactions in Heteroaryl Bromides. Shi L, Chu Y, Knochel P, Mayr H. Org Lett. 2009 Jul 14. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19601592 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • C5-Modified nucleosides exhibiting anticancer activity. Lee YS, Park SM, Kim HM, Park SK, Lee K, Lee CW, Kim BH. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009 Aug 15;19(16):4688-91. Epub 2009 Jun 21. PMID: 19596579 [PubMed - in process]

  • Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, and Sulfonates: A General Method for the Preparation of Primary Arylamines. Vo GD, Hartwig JF. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Jul 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19591470 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • New One-Pot Synthesis of (E)-beta-Aryl Vinyl Halides from Styrenes. Pawluc´ P, Hreczycho G, Szudkowska J, Kubicki M, Marciniec B. Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19572730 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • The Scope and Limitation of Nickel-Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Bromides from Formamide Derivatives. Jo Y, Ju J, Choe J, Song KH, Lee S. J Org Chem. 2009 Jul 2. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19572571 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Electroencephalographic and behavioral convulsant effects of hydrobromide and hydrochloride salts of bupropion in conscious rodents. Henshall DC, Dürmüller N, White HS, Williams R, Moser P, Dunleavy M, Silverstone PH. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:189-206. Epub 2009 Apr 8. PMID: 19557114 [PubMed - in process]

  • A facile route to C2-substituted imidazolium ionic liquids. Ennis E, Handy ST. Molecules. 2009 Jun 19;14(6):2235-45. PMID: 19553895 [PubMed - in process]

  • Synthesis of 1,3-amino alcohol derivatives via a silicon-mediated ring-opening of substituted piperidines. McCall WS, Comins DL. Org Lett. 2009 Jul 2;11(13):2940-2. PMID: 19552467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

     

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