Germanium Phosphideis a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Germanium is a Block P, Group 14, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Germanium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2. In its elemental form germanium's CAS number is 7440-56-4. The germanium atom has a radius of 122.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Germanium is not toxic. Germanium is a very important semiconductor. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with extremely high purities. When germanium is doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. The high refractive index and dispersion properties of its oxide's have made germanium useful as a component of wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organo-germanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Germanium was first discovered by Clemens Winkler in 1886. See Germanium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
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PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Synthesis of Mixed Tin-Ruthenium and Tin-Germanium-Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters from [Ru(3)(CO)(12)] and Diaminometalenes (M = Sn, Ge).
Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P, Polo D.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22235838
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
RADIOACTIVITY RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE HANDLING OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS.
Medhat ME, Eissa HS, Elmaghraby EK, Abu Khadra SA.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012 Jan 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22232775
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of Nanoamorphous Germanium and Its Transformation to Nanocrystalline Germanium.
Dag O, Henderson EJ, Ozin GA.
Small. 2012 Jan 9. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101993. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22228493
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and structural characterization of two-coordinate low-valent 14-group metal complexes bearing bulky bis(amido)silane ligands.
Yang D, Guo J, Wu H, Ding Y, Zheng W.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22218706
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Compositional Differences between Size Classes of Dissolved Organic Matter from Freshwater and Seawater Revealed by an HPLC-FTIR System.
Tremblay L, Landry C.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22216934
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium.
Bowers CM, Toone EJ, Clark RL, Shestopalov AA.
J Vis Exp. 2011 Dec 16;(58). pii: 3478. doi: 10.3791/3478.
PMID:
22214997
[PubMed - in process]
The ARRONAX Project.
Haddad F, Barbet J, Chatal JF.
Curr Radiopharm. 2011 Jul 1;4(3):186-96.
PMID:
22201708
[PubMed - in process]
Metastable Ge1-xCx Alloy Nanowires.
Kim BS, Lee JH, Son K, Hwang SW, Choi BL, Lee EK, Kim JM, Whang D.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22201458
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reactivity of Digermylenes toward Potassium Graphite: Synthesis and Characterization of Germylidenide Anions.
Chia SP, Yeong HX, So CW.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 16;51(2):1002-10. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
PMID:
22188525
[PubMed - in process]
Optics of semiconductors from meta-generalized-gradient-approximation-based time-dependent density-functional theory.
Nazarov VU, Vignale G.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 18;107(21):216402. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
PMID:
22181900
[PubMed - in process]
Active microwave negative-index metamaterial transmission line with gain.
Jiang T, Chang K, Si LM, Ran L, Xin H.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 11;107(20):205503. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
PMID:
22181744
[PubMed - in process]
Mesoporous zinc germanium oxynitride for CO(2) photoreduction under visible light.
Zhang N, Ouyang S, Kako T, Ye J.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Jan 9;48(9):1269-71. Epub 2011 Dec 16.
PMID:
22179125
[PubMed - in process]
In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Si(1-x)Ge(x)O(2) Dissolution and Germanium Aqueous Speciation under Hydrothermal Conditions.
Ranieri V, Haines J, Cambon O, Levelut C, Le Parc R, Cambon M, Hazemann JL.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):414-9. Epub 2011 Dec 16.
PMID:
22175278
[PubMed - in process]
Open-shell complexes containing metal-germanium triple bonds.
Filippou AC, Barandov A, Schnakenburg G, Lewall B, van Gastel M, Marchanka A.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Jan 16;51(3):789-93. doi: 10.1002/anie.201107120. Epub 2011 Dec 15.
PMID:
22173926
[PubMed - in process]
A review of recent developments in the speciation and location of arsenic and selenium in rice grain.
Carey AM, Lombi E, Donner E, de Jonge MD, Punshon T, Jackson BP, Guerinot ML, Price AH, Meharg AA.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22159463
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrodeposition of germanium from supercritical fluids.
Ke J, Bartlett PN, Cook D, Easun TL, George MW, Levason W, Reid G, Smith D, Su W, Zhang W.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Jan 4;14(4):1517-28. Epub 2011 Dec 12.
PMID:
22158943
[PubMed - in process]
Gamma-ray fast-timing coincidence measurements from the (18)O+(18)O fusion-evaporation reaction using a mixed LaBr(3)-HPGe array.
Alharbi T, Mason PJ, Regan PH, Podolyák Z, Marginean N, Nakhostin M, Bowry M, Bucurescu D, Cata-Danil G, Cata-Danil I, Deleanu D, Filipescu D, Glodariu T, Ghita D, Marginean R, Mihai C, Negret A, Pascu S, Sava T, Stroe L, Suliman G, Zamfir NV, Bruce AM, Rodriguez Triguero C, Bender PC, Garg U, Erduran MN, Kusoglu A, Bostan M, Detistov P, Alkhomashi N, Sinha AK, Chakrabarti R, Ghugre SS.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22154387
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mesoporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Glass Ceramic Cathodes for Solid-State Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.
Kichambare P, Rodrigues S, Kumar J.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22148159
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis, Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Magnetism of the Series RELiGe(2) (RE = La-Nd, Sm, Eu).
Bobev S, You TS, Suen NT, Saha S, Greene R, Paglione J.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):620-8. Epub 2011 Dec 6.
PMID:
22145852
[PubMed - in process]
Inducing novel electronic properties in <112> Ge nanowires by means of variations in their size, shape and strain: a first-principles computational study.
Zhang C, De Sarkar A, Zhang RQ.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2012 Jan 11;24(1):015301. Epub 2011 Dec 2.
PMID:
22133518
[PubMed - in process]
Recent Research & Development for Phosphorus
Consumption of whole
grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children
and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.
O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Zanovec M, Cho SS, Kleinman R. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Oct 6:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20923597.
Chemical and microbiological changes during
vermicomposting of coffee pulp using exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae) and native
earthworm (Perionyx ceylanesis) species. Raphael K, Velmourougane K. Biodegradation. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead
of print] PubMed PMID: 20922463.
Synthesis, structure,
and reductive elimination in the series Tp'Rh(PR(3))(Ar(F))H; Determination of
rhodium-carbon bond energies of fluoroaryl substituents. Tanabe T, Brennessel WW, Clot E, Eisenstein O, Jones WD. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20924525.
Nutrient concentrations in Maryland non-tidal
streams. Morgan RP 2nd, Kline KM. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20890788.
Hereditary disorders of renal
phosphate wasting. Alizadeh Naderi AS, Reilly RF; Medscape. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20924400.
New Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethylpyrroles by
Condensation of Mesoionic 4-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-oxazolium-5-olates with
Phosphorus Ylides. Saijo R, Hagimoto Y, Kawase M. Org Lett. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20923166.
Structural and electronic properties of
luminescent copper(i) halide complexes of bis[2-(diphenylphosphano)phenyl] ether
(DPEphos). Crystal structure of [CuCl(DPEphos)(dmpymtH]. Aslanidis P, Cox PJ, Tsipis AC. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20922239.
Changes in
Microbial Community Structure and Function of Drinking Water Treatment
Bioreactors Upon Phosphorus Addition. Li X, Upadhyaya G, Yuen W, Brown J, Morgenroth E, Raskin L. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20889793.
Determination of a set
of surrogate parameters to assess urban stormwater quality. Miguntanna NS, Egodawatta P, Kokot S, Goonetilleke A. Sci Total Environ.
2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20888615.
A review on the effects of environmental conditions on growth and toxin
production of Ostreopsis ovata. Pistocchi R, Pezzolesi L, Guerrini F, Vanucci S, Dell'aversano C, Fattorusso
E. Toxicon. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20920514.
Tenofovir-associated severe bone pain: I cannot walk! Jhaveri MA, Mawad HW, Thornton AC, Mullen NW, Greenberg RN. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS
Care (Chic Ill). 2010 Sep-Oct;9(5):328-34. PubMed PMID: 20923957.
Characteristics of contaminants in water and
sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent. Lee S, Maniquiz MC, Kim LH. J Environ
Sci (China). 2010;22(6):940-5. PubMed PMID: 20923110.
Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on
natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir. Yu SJ, Lee JY, Ha SR. J Environ Sci
(China). 2010;22(6):908-14. PubMed PMID: 20923105.
Water-saving
irrigation of paddy field to reduce nutrient runoff. Hitomi T, Iwamoto Y, Miura A, Hamada K, Takaki K, Shiratani E. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):885-91. PubMed PMID: 20923101.
Scenario
analysis for reduction of pollutant load discharged from a watershed by recycling
of treated water for irrigation. Shiratani E, Munakata Y, Yoshinaga I, Kubota T, Hamada K, Hitomi T. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):878-84. PubMed
PMID: 20923100.
Modeling the effects of constructed wetland
on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement. Ham J, Yoon CG, Kim HJ, Kim HC. J
Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):834-9. PubMed PMID: 20923093.
Evaluation of non-point source
pollution reduction by applying best management practices using a SWAT model and
QuickBird high resolution satellite imagery. Lee M, Park G, Park M, Park J, Lee J, Kim S. J Environ Sci (China).
2010;22(6):826-33. PubMed PMID: 20923092.
Understanding nutrient
build-up on urban road surfaces. Miguntanna NP, Goonetilleke A, Egodowatta P, Kokot S. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):806-12. PubMed
PMID: 20923089.
Monitoring of non-point source pollutants
load from a mixed forest land use. Yoon SW, Chung SW, Oh DG, Lee JW. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(6):801-5.
PubMed PMID: 20923088.
Germanium is a Block P, Group 14, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Germanium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2. In its elemental form germanium's CAS number is 7440-56-4. The germanium atom has a radius of 122.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Germanium is not toxic. Germanium is a very important semiconductor. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with extremely high purities. When germanium is doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor 
element in thousands of electronic 
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
