American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Germanium Antimony Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard target sizes range from 1" to 8" in diameter and from 2mm to 1/2" thick. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Germanium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request.
Germanium is a Block P, Group 14, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Germanium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2. In its elemental form germanium's CAS number is 7440-56-4. The germanium atom has a radius of 122.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Germanium is not toxic. Germanium is a very important semiconductor. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with extremely high purities. When germanium is doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor element in thousands of electronic applications. The most common use of germanium is as a semiconductor. Germanium is also finding many other applications including use as an alloying agent, as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps, and as a catalyst. Germanium and germanium oxide are transparent to the infrared and are used in infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment, including extremely sensitive infrared detectors. The high refractive index and dispersion properties of its oxide's have made germanium useful as a component of wide-angle camera lenses and microscope objectives. The field of organo-germanium chemistry is becoming increasingly important. Germanium was first discovered by Clemens Winkler in 1886. See Germanium research below.
Antimony is a Block P, Group 15, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Antimony's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3. In its elemental form antimony's CAS number is 7440-36-0. The antimony atom has a radius of 145.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. The chemical state of antimony affects the toxicity of the element and its compounds. Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices in crystalline structures, such as antimony telluride and gallium antimonide. Antimony is however a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead. This has found applications in batteries, antifriction alloys, small arms and tracer bullets and cable sheathing. Antimony compounds are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery glazes. Antimony is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Antimony research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Synthesis of Mixed Tin-Ruthenium and Tin-Germanium-Ruthenium Carbonyl Clusters from [Ru(3)(CO)(12)] and Diaminometalenes (M = Sn, Ge).
Cabeza JA, García-Álvarez P, Polo D.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22235838
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
RADIOACTIVITY RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE HANDLING OF COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS.
Medhat ME, Eissa HS, Elmaghraby EK, Abu Khadra SA.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012 Jan 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22232775
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of Nanoamorphous Germanium and Its Transformation to Nanocrystalline Germanium.
Dag O, Henderson EJ, Ozin GA.
Small. 2012 Jan 9. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101993. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22228493
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and structural characterization of two-coordinate low-valent 14-group metal complexes bearing bulky bis(amido)silane ligands.
Yang D, Guo J, Wu H, Ding Y, Zheng W.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22218706
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Compositional Differences between Size Classes of Dissolved Organic Matter from Freshwater and Seawater Revealed by an HPLC-FTIR System.
Tremblay L, Landry C.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22216934
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium.
Bowers CM, Toone EJ, Clark RL, Shestopalov AA.
J Vis Exp. 2011 Dec 16;(58). pii: 3478. doi: 10.3791/3478.
PMID:
22214997
[PubMed - in process]
The ARRONAX Project.
Haddad F, Barbet J, Chatal JF.
Curr Radiopharm. 2011 Jul 1;4(3):186-96.
PMID:
22201708
[PubMed - in process]
Metastable Ge1-xCx Alloy Nanowires.
Kim BS, Lee JH, Son K, Hwang SW, Choi BL, Lee EK, Kim JM, Whang D.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Dec 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22201458
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reactivity of Digermylenes toward Potassium Graphite: Synthesis and Characterization of Germylidenide Anions.
Chia SP, Yeong HX, So CW.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 16;51(2):1002-10. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
PMID:
22188525
[PubMed - in process]
Optics of semiconductors from meta-generalized-gradient-approximation-based time-dependent density-functional theory.
Nazarov VU, Vignale G.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 18;107(21):216402. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
PMID:
22181900
[PubMed - in process]
Active microwave negative-index metamaterial transmission line with gain.
Jiang T, Chang K, Si LM, Ran L, Xin H.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 11;107(20):205503. Epub 2011 Nov 11.
PMID:
22181744
[PubMed - in process]
Mesoporous zinc germanium oxynitride for CO(2) photoreduction under visible light.
Zhang N, Ouyang S, Kako T, Ye J.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Jan 9;48(9):1269-71. Epub 2011 Dec 16.
PMID:
22179125
[PubMed - in process]
In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Si(1-x)Ge(x)O(2) Dissolution and Germanium Aqueous Speciation under Hydrothermal Conditions.
Ranieri V, Haines J, Cambon O, Levelut C, Le Parc R, Cambon M, Hazemann JL.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):414-9. Epub 2011 Dec 16.
PMID:
22175278
[PubMed - in process]
Open-shell complexes containing metal-germanium triple bonds.
Filippou AC, Barandov A, Schnakenburg G, Lewall B, van Gastel M, Marchanka A.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Jan 16;51(3):789-93. doi: 10.1002/anie.201107120. Epub 2011 Dec 15.
PMID:
22173926
[PubMed - in process]
A review of recent developments in the speciation and location of arsenic and selenium in rice grain.
Carey AM, Lombi E, Donner E, de Jonge MD, Punshon T, Jackson BP, Guerinot ML, Price AH, Meharg AA.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Dec 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22159463
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrodeposition of germanium from supercritical fluids.
Ke J, Bartlett PN, Cook D, Easun TL, George MW, Levason W, Reid G, Smith D, Su W, Zhang W.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Jan 4;14(4):1517-28. Epub 2011 Dec 12.
PMID:
22158943
[PubMed - in process]
Gamma-ray fast-timing coincidence measurements from the (18)O+(18)O fusion-evaporation reaction using a mixed LaBr(3)-HPGe array.
Alharbi T, Mason PJ, Regan PH, Podolyák Z, Marginean N, Nakhostin M, Bowry M, Bucurescu D, Cata-Danil G, Cata-Danil I, Deleanu D, Filipescu D, Glodariu T, Ghita D, Marginean R, Mihai C, Negret A, Pascu S, Sava T, Stroe L, Suliman G, Zamfir NV, Bruce AM, Rodriguez Triguero C, Bender PC, Garg U, Erduran MN, Kusoglu A, Bostan M, Detistov P, Alkhomashi N, Sinha AK, Chakrabarti R, Ghugre SS.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22154387
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mesoporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Glass Ceramic Cathodes for Solid-State Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.
Kichambare P, Rodrigues S, Kumar J.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22148159
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis, Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Magnetism of the Series RELiGe(2) (RE = La-Nd, Sm, Eu).
Bobev S, You TS, Suen NT, Saha S, Greene R, Paglione J.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):620-8. Epub 2011 Dec 6.
PMID:
22145852
[PubMed - in process]
Inducing novel electronic properties in <112> Ge nanowires by means of variations in their size, shape and strain: a first-principles computational study.
Zhang C, De Sarkar A, Zhang RQ.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2012 Jan 11;24(1):015301. Epub 2011 Dec 2.
PMID:
22133518
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of four different antimony(III) O,O'-dialkyldithiophosphates: Characterization by (31)P CP/MAS NMR, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and adsorption at a stibnite surface (Sb(2)S(3)).
Larsson AC, Ivanov MA, Gerasimenko AV, Ivanov AV.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Nov 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22115160
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Sensing of Aqueous Fluoride Anions by Cationic Stibine-Palladium Complexes.
Wade CR, Ke IS, Gabbaï FP.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Nov 24. doi: 10.1002/anie.201106242. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22113959
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrical characterization of n/p-type nickel silicide/silicon junctions by Sb segregation.
Jun M, Park Y, Hyun Y, Choi SJ, Zyung T, Jang M.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Aug;11(8):7339-42.
PMID:
22103191
[PubMed - in process]
Hydride generation in-atomizer collection atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of antimony in acetic acid leachates from pewter cups.
Dessuy MB, Kratzer J, Vale MG, Welz B, Dedina J.
Talanta. 2011 Dec 15;87:255-61. Epub 2011 Oct 17.
PMID:
22099676
[PubMed - in process]
Electrical and optical performance of transparent conducting oxide films deposited by electrostatic spray assisted vapour deposition.
Hou X, Choy KL, Liu JP.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):8114-9.
PMID:
22097539
[PubMed - in process]
Biomolecule-assisted green route to Sb2S3 crystals with three-dimensional dandelionlike patterns.
Xiang W, Ji G, Wei J, Yang Y, Yuan H, Liu X.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Sep;11(9):7820-32.
PMID:
22097493
[PubMed - in process]
Use of antimony in the treatment of leishmaniasis: current status and future directions.
Haldar AK, Sen P, Roy S.
Mol Biol Int. 2011;2011:571242. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
PMID:
22091408
[PubMed - in process]
Comparison between one day and two days protocols for sentinel node mapping of breast cancer patients.
Ali J, Alireza R, Mostafa M, Naser FM, Bahram M, Ramin S.
Hell J Nucl Med. 2011 Sep;14(3):313-5.
PMID:
22087458
[PubMed - in process]
Identification of Gunshot Residues in Fabric Targets Using Sector Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Technique and Ternary Graphs*
Freitas JC, Sarkis JE, Neto ON, Viebig SB.
J Forensic Sci. 2011 Nov 10. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01956.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22074259
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
MAP Kinase1 of Leishmania Donovani: Down Regulation Associates With Antimony Resistance in Field Isolates.
Ashutosh, Garg M, Sundar S, Duncan R, Nakhasi HL, Goyal N.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22064540
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Use of carbon nanotubes and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of very low amounts of arsenic and antimony in waters.
López-García I, Rivas RE, Hernández-Córdoba M.
Talanta. 2011 Oct 30;86:52-7. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
PMID:
22063510
[PubMed - in process]
Frequency of use controls chemical leaching from drinking-water containers subject to disinfection.
Andra SS, Makris KC, Shine JP.
Water Res. 2011 Dec 15;45(20):6677-87. Epub 2011 Oct 12.
PMID:
22040714
[PubMed - in process]
Antimony leaching from MSWI bottom ash: Modelling of the effect of pH and carbonation.
Cornelis G, Gerven TV, Vandecasteele C.
Waste Manag. 2011 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22035902
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Discovery of Safe and Orally Effective 4-Aminoquinaldine Analogues as Apoptotic Inducers with Activity against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis.
Palit P, Hazra A, Maity A, Vijayan RS, Manoharan P, Banerjee S, Mondal NB, Ghoshal N, Ali N.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Oct 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22024817
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bone marrow leishmaniasis: a review of situation in Thailand.
Wiwanitkit V.
Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2011 Oct;4(10):757-9.
PMID:
22014727
[PubMed - in process]
Spectroelectrochemistry of cytochrome c and azurin immobilized in nanoporous antimony-doped tin oxide.
Kwan P, Schmitt D, Volosin AM, McIntosh CL, Seo DK, Jones AK.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Dec 7;47(45):12367-9. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
PMID:
22011849
[PubMed - in process]
Structural diversity for phosphine complexes of stibenium and stibinidenium cations.
Chitnis SS, Peters B, Conrad E, Burford N, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Nov 8;47(45):12331-3. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
PMID:
22011846
[PubMed - in process]
Pressure-induced disordered substitution alloy in sb(2)te(3).
Zhao J, Liu H, Ehm L, Chen Z, Sinogeikin S, Zhao Y, Gu G.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 21;50(22):11291-3. Epub 2011 Oct 18.
PMID:
22007692
[PubMed - in process]
Electrospun antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) nanofibers as a versatile conducting matrix.
Ostermann R, Zieba R, Rudolph M, Schlettwein D, Smarsly BM.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Nov 28;47(44):12119-21. Epub 2011 Oct 14.
PMID:
22003493
[PubMed - in process]
Multi-metal(loid) methylation in methanoarchaea is linked to central intermediates of methanogenesis.
Thomas F, Diaz-Bone RA, Wuerfel O, Huber B, Weidenbach K, Schmitz RA, Hensel R.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22003009
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard target sizes range from 1" to 8" in diameter and from 2mm to 1/2" thick. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Germanium as rods, powder and plates. Other shapes are available by request. 
Germanium is a Block P, Group 14, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Germanium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 4 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2. In its elemental form germanium's CAS number is 7440-56-4. The germanium atom has a radius of 122.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Germanium is not toxic. Germanium is a very important semiconductor. Zone-refining techniques have led to production of crystalline germanium for semiconductor use with extremely high purities. When germanium is doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements, it is used as a transistor 
element in thousands of electronic 
Antimony is a Block P, Group 15, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Antimony's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3. In its elemental form antimony's CAS number is 7440-36-0. The antimony atom has a radius of 145.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. The chemical state of antimony affects the toxicity of the element and its
compounds. Antimony is finding use in semiconductor technology for making infrared detectors, diodes and Hall-effect devices in crystalline structures, such as antimony telluride and gallium antimonide. Antimony is however a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It greatly increases the hardness and mechanical strength of lead.
This has found applications in batteries, antifriction alloys, small arms and tracer bullets and cable sheathing. Antimony compounds are used in manufacturing flame-proofing compounds, paints, ceramic enamels, glass, and pottery glazes. Antimony is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. See Antimony research below.
