Hydrogen information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table and the most abundant element in the universe. As a readily refinable gas that is lighter than air, its first uses were in ballooning experiments. It was the gas used by the famous Hindenburg dirigible. It now has numerous industrial applications in oil cracking and production of other non-metallic cations, such as ammonium compounds. Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, is used to produce heavy water (H30) which has application in nuclear energy production. Hydrogen can easily be generated from renewable energy sources making it a primary focus in the area of alternative energy research.
Hydrogen is nonpolluting and forms water as a harmless byproduct during use.
The challenges associated with the use of hydrogen as a formof energy include developing safe, compact, reliable, and cost-effective hydrogen storage and delivery technologies. Currently, hydrogen can be stored in these three forms: Compressed Hydrogen, Liquid Hydrogen and Chemical Storage.
Hydrogen is a Block S, Group 1, Period 1 element. The number of electrons in each of Hydrogen's shells is 1 and its electronic configuration is 1s1. In its elemental form hydrogen's CAS number is 1333-74-0. The hydrogen atom has a radius of 37.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 120.pm. Hydrogen is highly flammable.
Hydrogen was discovered by Sir Henry Cavendish in 1766.
 Hydrogène |
 Wasserstoff |
 Idrogeno |
 Hidrogênio |
 Hidrógeno |
 Väte |
Hydrogen Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of hydrogen and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| H-1 |
1.008 |
99.99 |
| H-2 |
2.014 |
0.02 |
| H-3 |
3.016 |
- |
The following table shows the abundance of Hydrogen present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
100000000 ppb |
750000000 ppb |
| by Atom |
620000000 ppb |
930000000 ppb |
Hydrogen Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for hydrogen metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Hydrogen compounds have essential biological role as it is present in all organic compounds.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for hydrogen (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
1312.06 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
- kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
- kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to hydrogen's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is - µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.2. The thermal conductivity of hydrogen is 0.183 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties of Hydrogen. The melting point and boiling point for hydrogen are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
0.12 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
0.46 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
216.003 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Hydrogen
Inhalation injury as a prognostic factor for mortality in burn patients.
El-Helbawy RH, Ghareeb FM.
Ann Burns Fire Disasters. 2011 Jun 30;24(2):82-8.
PMID:
22262965
[PubMed - in process]
Phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activities of the whole leaf extract of Aloe ferox Mill.
Wintola OA, Afolayan AJ.
Pharmacogn Mag. 2011 Oct;7(28):325-33.
PMID:
22262936
[PubMed - in process]
Transplant tolerance is associated with reduced expression of cystathionine-?-lyase that controls interleukin-12 production by dendritic cells and TH-1 immune responses.
Vuillefroy de Silly R, Coulon F, Poirier N, Jovanovic V, Brouard S, Ferchaud-Roucher V, Blancho G, Vanhove B.
Blood. 2012 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262763
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Active Conformation in Amine-Thiourea Bifunctional Organocatalysis Preformed by Catalyst Aggregation.
Tárkányi G, Király P, Soós T, Varga S.
Chemistry. 2012 Jan 20. doi: 10.1002/chem.201102701. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262570
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Facile Synthesis of Supramolecular Ionic Polymers That Combine Unique Rheological, Ionic Conductivity, and Self-Healing Properties.
Aboudzadeh MA, Muñoz ME, Santamaría A, Marcilla R, Mecerreyes D.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2012 Jan 20. doi: 10.1002/marc.201100728. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262519
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Intermolecular and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds Involving Fluorine Atoms: Implications for Recognition, Selectivity, and Chemical Properties.
Dalvit C, Vulpetti A.
ChemMedChem. 2012 Jan 19. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201100483. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262517
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reversible Heterochiral Aggregation/Dissociation of Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)diamides Driven by UV/Vis Irradiation.
Nojiri A, Kumagai N, Shibasaki M.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2012 Jan 19. doi: 10.1002/anie.201106832. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262509
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Isolation of human and mouse neutrophils ex vivo and in vitro.
Hu Y.
Methods Mol Biol. 2012;844:101-13.
PMID:
22262437
[PubMed - in process]
Diazoxide Pretreatment Enhances L6 Skeletal Myoblast Survival and Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide.
Shao SX, Zhang L, Chen HX, Liu Y, Zhang JP, Chen W, Xue GY.
Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2012 Jan 20. doi: 10.1002/ar.22410. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262406
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Template Effects in S(N) 2 Displacements for the Preparation of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles.
Martí-Centelles V, Burguete MI, Luis SV.
Chemistry. 2012 Jan 19. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101416. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262400
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Reactions of Vinylidenecyclopropanes with Diphenyl Diselenide in the Presence of AIBN and Thermally-Induced Further Transformations.
Yuan W, Wei Y, Shi M, Li Y.
Chemistry. 2012 Jan 27;18(5):1280-5. doi: 10.1002/chem.201103461. Epub 2012 Jan 2.
PMID:
22262357
[PubMed - in process]
Low dose of tocotrienols protects osteoblasts against oxidative stress.
Nizar AM, Nazrun AS, Norazlina M, Norliza M, Ima Nirwana S.
Clin Ter. 2011 Nov;162(6):533-8.
PMID:
22262323
[PubMed - in process]
The antioxidative defense system is involved in the delayed senescence in a wheat mutant tasg1.
Hui Z, Tian FX, Wang GK, Wang GP, Wang W.
Plant Cell Rep. 2012 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262312
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of naphthalene initiated by OH radical. A theoretical study.
Zhang Z, Lin L, Wang L.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22262032
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Stability of extemporaneously prepared cytarabine, methotrexate sodium, and methylprednisolone sodium succinate.
D'Hondt M, Vangheluwe E, Van Dorpe S, Boonen J, Bauters T, Pelfrene B, Vandenbroucke J, Robays H, De Spiegeleer B.
Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2012 Feb 1;69(3):232-40.
PMID:
22261946
[PubMed - in process]
Structural controls on OH site availability and reactivity at iron oxyhydroxide particle surfaces.
Song X, Boily JF.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22261841
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Copper-catalyzed C-alkylation of secondary alcohols and methyl ketones with alcohols employing the aerobic relay race methodology.
Liao S, Yu K, Li Q, Tian H, Zhang Z, Yu X, Xu Q.
Org Biomol Chem. 2012 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22261789
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Amino-Nogo-A antagonizes reactive oxygen species generation and protects immature primary cortical neurons from oxidative toxicity.
Mi YJ, Hou B, Liao QM, Ma Y, Luo Q, Dai YK, Ju G, Jin WL.
Cell Death Differ. 2012 Jan 20. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2011.206. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22261619
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mucolysis by Ascorbic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide on Compact Mucin Secreted in Pseudomyxoma Peritonei.
Pillai K, Akhter J, Chua TC, Morris DL.
J Surg Res. 2011 Nov 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22261589
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Nicotine stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression and cell invasiveness through mitogen-activated protein kinase and reactive oxygen species signaling in ECV304 endothelial cells.
Khoi PN, Park JS, Kim NH, Jung YD.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012 Jan 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22261521
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
|
