InAlGaP is a crystalline solid used as a semiconductor and in photo optic applications.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Indium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Indium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. In its elemental form indium's CAS number is 7440-74-6. The indium atom has a radius of 162.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 193.pm. Indium is only slightly toxic. Indium has found application in semi-conductor materials and other electronic applications. It is used to make low-melting alloys, such as an alloy of 24% indium - 76% Indium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Indium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Indium is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Indium was first discovered by Ferdinand Reich in 1863. See Indium research below.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking. It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the most important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Diastereoselective indium-mediated allylation of N-tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines: easy access to asymmetric quaternary stereocenters bearing nitrogen atoms.
Sirvent JA, Foubelo F, Yus M.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22281839
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Focusing on Energy and Optoelectronic Applications: A Journey for Graphene and Graphene Oxide at Large Scale.
Wan X, Huang Y, Chen Y.
Acc Chem Res. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22280410
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A Wheel-Shaped Indium-Telluride Nanocluster [In(18)Te(30)(dach)(6)](6-): Its Formation and Structure.
Wang YH, Luo W, Jiang JB, Bian GQ, Zhu QY, Dai J.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22279965
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Distribution of Cell-Free and Cell-Associated HIV Surrogates in the Female Genital Tract After Simulated Vaginal Intercourse.
Louissaint NA, Fuchs EJ, Bakshi RP, Nimmagadda S, Du Y, Macura KJ, King KE, Wahl R, Goldsmith AJ, Caffo B, Cao YJ, Anderson J, Hendrix CW.
J Infect Dis. 2012 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22279121
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Visible to near-infrared light harvesting in Ag(2)S nanoparticles/ZnO nanowire array photoanodes.
Wu JJ, Chang RC, Chen DW, Wu CT.
Nanoscale. 2012 Jan 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22278401
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhancement of light extraction in GaN-based light-emitting diodes using rough beveled ZnO nanocone arrays.
Yin Z, Liu X, Wu Y, Hao X, Xu X.
Opt Express. 2012 Jan 16;20(2):1013-21. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.001013.
PMID:
22274448
[PubMed - in process]
MgO nano-facet embedded silver-based dielectric/metal/dielectric transparent electrode.
Kim S, Yu HK, Hong K, Kim K, Son JH, Lee I, Kim KB, Kim TY, Lee JL.
Opt Express. 2012 Jan 16;20(2):845-53. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.000845.
PMID:
22274430
[PubMed - in process]
Carrier dynamics in InN nanorod arrays.
Ahn H, Yu CC, Yu P, Tang J, Hong YL, Gwo S.
Opt Express. 2012 Jan 16;20(2):769-75. doi: 10.1364/OE.20.000769.
PMID:
22274422
[PubMed - in process]
Coherent and directional emission at 1.55 µm from PbSe colloidal quantum dot electroluminescent device on silicon.
Heo J, Jiang Z, Xu J, Bhattacharya P.
Opt Express. 2011 Dec 19;19(27):26394-8. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.026394.
PMID:
22274223
[PubMed - in process]
Transformation of Indium Nanoparticles to ß-Indium Sulfide: Digestive Ripening and Visible Light-Induced Photocatalytic Properties.
Cingarapu S, Ikenbbery MA, Hamal DB, Sorensen CM, Hohn K, Klabunde KJ.
Langmuir. 2012 Jan 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22272650
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tailoring 3D-Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Anchored to Indium Tin Oxide for Natural Cellular Uptake and Intracellular Sensing.
Mendes PM, Rawson F, Jackson S, Yeung C.
Nano Lett. 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22268573
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Vaginal distribution and retention of a multiparticulate drug delivery system, assessed by gamma scintigraphy and magnetic resonance imaging.
Mehta S, Verstraelen H, Peremans K, Villeirs G, Vermeire S, De Vos F, Mehuys E, Remon JP, Vervaet C.
Int J Pharm. 2012 Jan 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22265911
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis and characterization of InNbO(4) nanopowder for gas sensors.
Balamurugan C, Vijayakumar E, Subramania A.
Talanta. 2012 Jan 15;88:115-20. Epub 2011 Nov 26.
PMID:
22265476
[PubMed - in process]
Interfacial effects on the optical behavior of Ge:ITO and Ge:ZnO nanocomposite films.
Shih GH, Allen CG, Potter BG Jr.
Nanotechnology. 2012 Feb 24;23(7):075203. Epub 2012 Jan 20.
PMID:
22261039
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of Indium Borate and Its Application in Photodegradation of 4-Chlorophenol.
Yuan J, Wu Q, Zhang P, Yao J, He T, Cao Y.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22260653
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrochromic Properties of a Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer Derived from Tetra(2-pyridyl-1,4-pyrazine) Ligands Integrated in Thin Multilayer Films.
da Silva CA, Vidotti M, Fiorito PA, Cordoba De Torresi SI, Torresi RM, Alves WA.
Langmuir. 2012 Jan 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22260213
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bis-(µ-pyridine-2,3-dicarboxyl-ato)bis-[aqua-(3-carb-oxy-pyridine-2-carboxyl-ato)indium(III)] tetra-hydrate.
Eshtiagh-Hosseini H, Mirzaei M, Mousavinezhad A, Necas M, Mague JT.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Jan 1;68(Pt 1):m71-2. Epub 2011 Dec 21.
PMID:
22259367
[PubMed - in process]
Indium Tin Oxide devices for amperometric detection of vesicular release by single cells.
Meunier A, Fulcrand R, Darchen F, Guille Collignon M, Lemaître F, Amatore C.
Biophys Chem. 2011 Dec 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22257976
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A transparent µECoG array for simultaneous recording and optogenetic stimulation.
Ledochowitsch P, Olivero E, Blanche T, Maharbiz MM.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:2937-40.
PMID:
22254956
[PubMed - in process]
Flexible PET/ITO electrode array for implantable biomedical applications.
Ahani A, Saadati-Fard L, Sodagar AM, Boroumad FA.
Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011 Aug;2011:2878-81.
PMID:
22254942
[PubMed - in process]
A novel nanostructured biosensor for the detection of the dust mite antigen Der p2.
Tsai JJ, Bau IJ, Chen HT, Lin YT, Wang GJ.
Int J Nanomedicine. 2011;6:1201-8. Epub 2011 Jun 13.
PMID:
21822382
[PubMed - in process]
ASSESSMENT OF PERSONNEL ABSORBED DOSE AT PRODUCTION OF MEDICAL RADIOISOTOPES BY A CYCLOTRON.
Sadat-Eshkevar SM, Karimian A, Mirzaee M.
Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821617
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative radiopacity of ceramics and metals with human and bovine dental tissues.
Pekkan G, Pekkan K, Hatipoglu MG, Tuna SH.
J Prosthet Dent. 2011 Aug;106(2):109-17.
PMID:
21821165
[PubMed - in process]
Flow cytometry: An alternative method for direct quantification of antigens adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide adjuvant.
Ugozzoli M, Laera D, Nuti S, Skibinski DA, Bufali S, Sammicheli C, Tavarini S, Singh M, O'Hagan D.
Anal Biochem. 2011 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820996
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The influence of laser-textured dentinal surface on bond strength.
Samad-Zadeh A, Harsono M, Belikov A, Shatilova KV, Skripnik A, Stark P, Egles C, Kugel G.
Dent Mater. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820727
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Thermal degradation of wood during photodegradation.
Tolvaj L, Persze L, Albert L.
J Photochem Photobiol B. 2011 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820317
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effective Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Detection Using Double Pulse at Optimum Configuration.
Choi SJ, Yoh JJ.
Appl Spectrosc. 2011 Aug;65(8):952-6.
PMID:
21819785
[PubMed - in process]
Aluminum toxicokinetics in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Seng Yue C, Christie M, Lavergne V, Sikaneta T, Taskapan H, Mardini K, Tam P, Ting R, Ghannoum M.
Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011 Aug 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21819285
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Wet-chemical Synthesis of Palladium Nanosprings.
Liu L, Yoo SH, Lee SA, Park S.
Nano Lett. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21819102
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fast H/D Exchange of B,B',B?-Tribromoborazine in C(6)D(6) in the Presence of Aluminum Tribromide: First Evidence for an Electrophilic Substitution Reaction of Borazines in Solution.
Timoshkin AY, Kazakov IV, Lisovenko AS, Bodensteiner M, Scheer M.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21819037
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Rearrangement/Fragmentation Reactions of Oligosilanes with Aluminum Chloride.
Wagner H, Baumgartner J, Marschner C, Poelt P.
Organometallics. 2011 Aug 8;30(15):3939-3954. Epub 2011 Jul 11.
PMID:
21818171
[PubMed]
Spotlight on AS04-Adjuvanted Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types 16 and 18 Vaccine (Cervarix®)?.
McKeage K, Romanowski B.
BioDrugs. 2011 Aug 1;25(4):265-9. doi: 10.2165/11206830-000000000-00000.
PMID:
21815703
[PubMed - in process]
Development of an AS04-Adjuvanted HPV Vaccine with the Adjuvant System Approach.
Garçon N, Morel S, Didierlaurent A, Descamps D, Wettendorff M, Van Mechelen M.
BioDrugs. 2011 Aug 1;25(4):217-26. doi: 10.2165/11591760-000000000-00000.
PMID:
21815697
[PubMed - in process]
Thermal Modulation for Multi-dimensional Liquid Chromatography Separations using Low-Thermal Mass LC.
Verstraeten M, Pursch M, Eckerle P, Luong J, Desmet G.
Anal Chem. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21815627
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Fluorination Effects on Rotational Correlation Times of Tris(ß-diketonato)aluminum(III) in CO2 by 27Al NMR Relaxation Measurements.
Umecky T, Kanakubo M, Ikushima Y.
J Phys Chem B. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21815618
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Aluminium-phosphorus interactions in plants growing on acid soils: does phosphorus always alleviate aluminium toxicity?
Chen RF, Zhang FL, Zhang QM, Bin Sun Q, Dong XY, Shen RF.
J Sci Food Agric. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.4566. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21815161
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Structural models for yttrium aluminium borate laser glasses: NMR and EPR studies of the system (Y(2)O(3))(0.2)-(Al(2)O(3))(x)-(B(2)O(3))(0.8-x).
Deters H, de Lima JF, Magon CJ, de Camargo AS, Eckert H.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21814672
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Unusual complication of aluminum phosphide poisoning: Development of hemolysis and methemoglobinemia and its successful treatment.
Soltaninejad K, Nelson LS, Khodakarim N, Dadvar Z, Shadnia S.
Indian J Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr;15(2):117-9.
PMID:
21814377
[PubMed - in process]
The Requirement for Potent Adjuvants To Enhance the Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Protein Vaccines Can Be Overcome by Prior Immunization with a Recombinant Adenovirus.
de Cassan SC, Forbes EK, Douglas AD, Milicic A, Singh B, Gupta P, Chauhan VS, Chitnis CE, Gilbert SC, Hill AV, Draper SJ.
J Immunol. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21813775
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Innovative mathematical modeling in environmental remediation.
Yeh GT, Gwo JP, Siegel MD, Li MH, Fang Y, Zhang F, Luo W, Yabusaki SB.
J Environ Radioact. 2011 Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21813217
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of fluoranthenes by hydroarylation of alkynes catalyzed by gold(I) or gallium trichloride.
Pascual S, Bour C, de Mendoza P, Echavarren AM.
Beilstein J Org Chem. 2011;7:1520-5. Epub 2011 Nov 14.
PMID:
22238527
[PubMed - in process]
Radioguided surgery in neuroendocrine tumors using ga-68-labeled somatostatin analogs: a pilot study.
Kaemmerer D, Prasad V, Daffner W, Haugvik SP, Senftleben S, Baum RP, Hommann M.
Clin Nucl Med. 2012 Feb;37(2):142-7.
PMID:
22228336
[PubMed - in process]
Complexation of Metal Ions with TRAP (1,4,7-Triazacyclononane Phosphinic Acid) Ligands and 1,4,7-Triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic Acid: Phosphinate-Containing Ligands as Unique Chelators for Trivalent Gallium.
Simecek J, Schulz M, Notni J, Plutnar J, Kubícek V, Havlícková J, Hermann P.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):577-90. Epub 2011 Dec 20.
PMID:
22221285
[PubMed - in process]
A Sterically Demanding Iminopyridine Ligand Affords Redox-Active Complexes of Aluminum(III) and Gallium(III).
Myers TW, Berben LA.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22220939
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Report from the 1(st )World Congress on Gallium-68 and Peptide Receptor Radio Nuclide Therapy (PRRNT), Bad Berka (Germany), June 23-26, 2011.
Jurgilewicz D.
Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur. 2011;14(2):125-6. No abstract available.
PMID:
22219158
[PubMed - in process]
Molecular effects of gallium on osteoclastic differentiation of mouse and human monocytes.
Verron E, Loubat A, Carle GF, Vignes-Colombeix C, Strazic I, Guicheux J, Rochet N, Bouler JM, Scimeca JC.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2011 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22202439
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The ARRONAX Project.
Haddad F, Barbet J, Chatal JF.
Curr Radiopharm. 2011 Jul 1;4(3):186-96.
PMID:
22201708
[PubMed - in process]
Differential Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Action of Metallocorroles against Human Cancer Cells: Potential Platforms for Anticancer Drug Development.
Lim P, Mahammed A, Okun Z, Saltsman I, Gross Z, Gray HB, Termini J.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2012 Jan 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22185566
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Autonomic Restoration of Electrical Conductivity.
Blaiszik BJ, Kramer SL, Grady ME, McIlroy DA, Moore JS, Sottos NR, White SR.
Adv Mater. 2011 Dec 20. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102888. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22183927
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dependence of the Redshifted and Blueshifted Photoluminescence Spectra of Single In_{x}Ga_{1-x}As/GaAs Quantum Dots on the Applied Uniaxial Stress.
Jöns KD, Hafenbrak R, Singh R, Ding F, Plumhof JD, Rastelli A, Schmidt OG, Bester G, Michler P.
Phys Rev Lett. 2011 Nov 18;107(21):217402. Epub 2011 Nov 15.
PMID:
22181923
[PubMed - in process]
Second line salvage chemotherapy for transplant-eligible patients with Hodgkin lymphoma resistant to platinum-containing first-line salvage chemotherapy.
Villa D, Seshadri T, Puig N, Massey C, Tsang R, Keating A, Crump M, Kuruvilla J.
Haematologica. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22180434
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hole spin relaxation in Ge-Si core-shell nanowire qubits.
Hu Y, Kuemmeth F, Lieber CM, Marcus CM.
Nat Nanotechnol. 2011 Dec 18;7(1):47-50. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2011.234.
PMID:
22179569
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis, radiometal labeling and in vitro evaluation of a targeted PPIX derivative.
Behnam Azad B, Cho CF, Lewis JD, Luyt LG.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2012 Mar;70(3):505-11. Epub 2011 Dec 6.
PMID:
22178308
[PubMed - in process]
Leukemia, thyroiditis and gallium-67 scan.
Wiwanitkit V.
Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2011 Apr;32(2):122. No abstract available.
PMID:
22174505
[PubMed - in process]
Unusual presentation of mycosis fungoides as a lump in the scalp.
Imran MB, Othman S, Shahid A.
Singapore Med J. 2011 Nov;52(11):e226-8.
PMID:
22173261
[PubMed - in process]
(68)Ga-labeling and in vivo evaluation of a uPAR binding DOTA- and NODAGA-conjugated peptide for PET imaging of invasive cancers.
Persson M, Madsen J, Ostergaard S, Ploug M, Kjaer A.
Nucl Med Biol. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22172391
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Cathodoluminescence spectra of gallium nitride nanorods.
Tsai CC, Li GH, Lin YT, Chang CW, Wadekar P, Chen QY, Rigutti L, Tchernycheva M, Julien FH, Tu LW.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Dec 14;6(1):631. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22168896
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Design of neutral lewis superacids of group 13 elements.
Mück LA, Timoshkin AY, Frenking G.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Jan 2;51(1):640-6. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
PMID:
22168307
[PubMed - in process]
Role of Gallium-67 scintigraphy in the evaluation of occult sepsis in the medical ICU.
Chen WC, Tsai KD, Chen CH, Lin MS, Chen CM, Shih CM, Chen W.
Intern Emerg Med. 2011 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22167445
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Susceptibility of Candida albicans to photodynamic therapy using methylene blue and toluidine blue as photosensitizing dyes.
Pupo YM, Gomes GM, Santos EB, Chaves L, Michel MD, Kozlowski VA Jr, Gomes OM, Gomes JC.
Acta Odontol Latinoam. 2011;24(2):188-92.
PMID:
22165318
[PubMed - in process]
Indium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Indium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. In its elemental form indium's CAS number is 7440-74-6. The indium atom has a radius of 162.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 193.pm. Indium is only slightly toxic. Indium has found application in semi-conductor materials and other electronic applications. 
It is used to make low-melting alloys, such as an alloy of 24% indium - 76% Indium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and 
evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Indium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Indium is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Indium was first discovered by Ferdinand Reich in 1863. See Indium research below.
Aluminum is a Block P, Group 13, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Aluminum's shells is 2, 8, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p1. In its elemental form aluminum's CAS number is 7429-90-5. The aluminum atom has a radius of 143.2.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Aluminum is not known to be harmful but ingestion may cause Alzheimer's disease.Aluminum is a silvery-white metal that possesses many desirable characteristics. It is light, nonmagnetic and nonsparking. It stands second among metals in the scale of malleability, and sixth in ductility. It is extensively used in many industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. Although it's electrical conductivity is only about 60% that of copper, it is used in electrical transmission lines because of its light weight. Pure aluminum is soft and lacks strength, but alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties 
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is not toxic. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the 
most
important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below. 
