Indium Gallium Phosphorus Arsenic Granule has a number of important electronic and optical properties and is used in detectors and solar cells.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Indium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Indium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. In its elemental form indium's CAS number is 7440-74-6. The indium atom has a radius of 162.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 193.pm. Indium has found application in semi-conductor materials and other electronic applications. It is used to make low-melting alloys, such as an alloy of 24% indium - 76% Indium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Indium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Indium is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Indium was first discovered by Ferdinand Reich in 1863. See Indium research below.
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the most important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
Arsenic is a Block P, Group 15, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Arsenic's shells is 2, 8, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3. In its elemental form arsenic's CAS number is 1327-53-3. The arsenic atom has a radius of 124.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 185.pm. Arsenic in the organic form is not harmful but in the inorganic form it is extremely toxic even in very small amounts. Arsenic has numerous applications as a semiconductor and other electronic applications as Indium arsenide, silicon arsenide and tin arsenidea. Arsenic is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Arsenic is used in bronzing and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. Arsenic is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Arsenic information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Arsenic research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Numerical investigation on the enhanced carrier collection efficiency of Ga-face GaN/InGaN?p-i-n solar cells with polarization compensation interlayers.
Chang JY, Liou BT, Lin HW, Shih YH, Chang SH, Kuo YK.
Opt Lett. 2011 Sep 1;36(17):3500-2. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.003500.
PMID:
21886257
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Calcineurin inhibitor minimization using sirolimus leads to improved renal function in pediatric heart transplant recipients.
Chinnock TJ, Shankel T, Deming D, Cutler D, Sahney S, Fitts J, Chinnock RE.
Pediatr Transplant. 2011 Aug 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01566.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21883751
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Measurement of Heterogeneous Reaction Rates: Three Strategies for Controlling Mass Transport and their Application to Indium Mediated Allylations.
Olson IA, Bacon WA, Baez Sosa YY, Delaney KM, Forte SA, Guglielmo MA, Hill AN, Kiesow KH, Langenbacher RE, Xun Y, Young RO, Bowyer WJ.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21882853
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On the Formation Pathway of CuInSe2 Nanocrystals for Solar Cells.
Kar M, Agrawal R, Hillhouse HW.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21879767
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Self-Assembly and Orientation of Hydrogen-Bonded Oligothiophene Polymorphs at Liquid-Membrane-Liquid Interfaces.
Tevis ID, Palmer LC, Herman DJ, Murray IP, Stone DA, Stupp SI.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21879723
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zinc-Blende and Wurtzite Crystal Phase Mixing and Transition in Indium Phosphide Nanowires.
Ikejiri K, Kitauchi Y, Tomioka K, Motohisa J, Fukui T.
Nano Lett. 2011 Aug 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21875079
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Localized surface plasmon resonance interfaces coated with poly[3-(pyrrolyl)carboxylic acid] for histidine-tagged peptide sensing.
Tighilt FZ, Subramanian P, Belhaneche-Bensemra N, Boukherroub R, Gabouze N, Sam S, Szunerits S.
Analyst. 2011 Aug 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21874203
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Indium determination using slotted quartz tube-atom trap-flame atomic absorption spectrometry and interference studies.
Arslan Y, Kendüzler E, Ataman OY.
Talanta. 2011 Sep 30;85(4):1786-91. Epub 2011 Jul 12.
PMID:
21872020
[PubMed - in process]
A label-free immunosensor based on modified mesoporous silica for simultaneous determination of tumor markers.
Lin J, Wei Z, Mao C.
Biosens Bioelectron. 2011 Jul 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21871790
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In Situ metal tip sharpening of scanning probe microscopes.
Yang W, Zhang H, Kim C, Butta N, Liang H, Hemmer PR.
Scanning. 2011 Aug 22. doi: 10.1002/sca.20270. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21866556
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Indium sulfide clusters integrated with 2,2'-bipyridine complexes.
Zhang YP, Zhang X, Mu WQ, Luo W, Bian GQ, Zhu QY, Dai J.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Aug 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21866282
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure and trilayer growth of indium films on Si(111): a photoemission study.
Liu Y, Miller T, Chiang TC.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Sep 14;23(36):365302. Epub 2011 Aug 25.
PMID:
21865634
[PubMed - in process]
Characterizing the Molecular Order of Phosphonic Acid Self-assembled Monolayers on Indium Tin Oxide Surfaces.
Losego MD, Guske J, Efremenko A, Maria JP, Franzen S.
Langmuir. 2011 Aug 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21863828
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preparation and Characterization of Mono and Multilayer Films of Polymerizable 1,2 Polybutadiene Using the Langmuir-Blodgett Technique.
Hitrik M, Gutkin V, Lev O, Mandler D.
Langmuir. 2011 Aug 24. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21863826
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Dynamically Modulating the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals.
Garcia G, Buonsanti R, Runnerstrom EL, Mendelsberg RJ, Llordes A, Anders A, Richardson TJ, Milliron DJ.
Nano Lett. 2011 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21859093
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Growth of CuInSe(2) and In(2)Se(3)/CuInSe(2) Nano-Heterostructures through Solid State Reactions.
Hsin CL, Lee WF, Huang CT, Huang CW, Wu WW, Chen LJ.
Nano Lett. 2011 Aug 31. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21859092
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Detection of Surface Antigens on Living Cells through Incorporation of Immunorecognition into the Distinct Positioning of Cells with Positive and Negative Dielectrophoresis.
Hatanaka H, Yasukawa T, Mizutani F.
Anal Chem. 2011 Aug 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21853980
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Development and application of an electrochemiluminescent flow-injection cell based on CdTe quantum dots modified electrode for high sensitive determination of dopamine.
Jinjin Z, Ming C, Caixia Y, Yifeng T.
Analyst. 2011 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21853173
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electron beam synthesis of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles using metal-organic frameworks as ordered precursors.
Jacobs BW, Houk RJ, Wong BM, Talin AA, Allendorf MD.
Nanotechnology. 2011 Sep 16;22(37):375601. Epub 2011 Aug 18.
PMID:
21852720
[PubMed - in process]
III-Nitride grating grown on freestanding HfO2 gratings.
Wang Y, Wu T, Hu F, Kanamori Y, Zhu H, Hane K.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 Aug 18;6(1):497.
PMID:
21849084
[PubMed - in process]
Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome with transient hyperthyroidism in an elderly patient.
Yasuda K, Sasaki K, Yamato M, Rakugi H, Isaka Y, Hayashi T.
Clin Exp Nephrol. 2011 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21823045
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Siglec-9 is a novel leukocyte ligand for vascular adhesion protein-1 and can be utilized in PET-imaging of inflammation and cancer.
Aalto K, Autio A, Kiss EA, Elima K, Nymalm Y, Veres TZ, Marttila-Ichihara F, Elovaara H, Saanijoki T, Crocker PR, Maksimow M, Bligt E, Salminen TA, Salmi M, Roivainen A, Jalkanen S.
Blood. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821708
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Extended range near-infrared imaging of water and oil in facial skin.
Egawa M, Yanai M, Kikuchi K, Masuda Y.
Appl Spectrosc. 2011 Aug;65(8):924-30.
PMID:
21819782
[PubMed - in process]
Experimental Charge Density Analysis of a Gallium(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogue.
Overgaard J, Jones C, Dange D, Platts JA.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21809869
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Modification in Structure, Phase Transition, and Magnetic Property of Metallic Gallium Driven by Atom-Molecule Interactions.
Song LX, Chen J, Zhu LH, Xia J, Yang J.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21809807
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
High performance latching-type luminescent magneto-optical photonic crystals.
Khartsev SI, Grishin AM.
Opt Lett. 2011 Aug 1;36(15):2806-8. doi: 10.1364/OL.36.002806.
PMID:
21808319
[PubMed - in process]
First-principles study of liquid gallium at ambient and high pressure.
Yang J, Tse JS, Iitaka T.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jul 28;135(4):044507.
PMID:
21806138
[PubMed - in process]
Structures and properties of neutral gallium clusters: A theoretical investigation.
Drebov N, Weigend F, Ahlrichs R.
J Chem Phys. 2011 Jul 28;135(4):044314.
PMID:
21806126
[PubMed - in process]
Characterization and Properties of Novel Gallium-Doped Calcium Phosphate Ceramics.
Mellier C, Fayon F, Schnitzler V, Deniard P, Allix M, Quillard S, Massiot D, Bouler JM, Bujoli B, Janvier P.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21793526
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid-based microextraction combined with least squares support vector machines regression for the simultaneous determination of aluminum, gallium, and indium in water and coal samples.
Ghasemi JB, Zolfonoun E.
Environ Monit Assess. 2011 Jul 27. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21789531
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electronic structure, Born effective charges and spontaneous polarization in magnetoelectric gallium ferrite.
Roy A, Mukherjee S, Gupta R, Auluck S, Prasad R, Garg A.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Aug 17;23(32):325902. Epub 2011 Jul 25.
PMID:
21785180
[PubMed - in process]
Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Nitrate against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Neonatal Calves.
Fecteau ME, Whitlock RH, Fyock TL, McAdams SC, Boston RC, Sweeney RW.
J Vet Intern Med. 2011 Jul 22. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0768.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21781171
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tuning Manganese Dopant Spin Interactions in Single GaN Nanowires at Room Temperature.
Hegde M, Farvid SS, Hosein ID, Radovanovic PV.
ACS Nano. 2011 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21780752
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
GaAlAs Laser Irradiation Induces Active Tertiary Dentin Formation after Pulpal Apoptosis and Cell Proliferation in Rat Molars.
Shigetani Y, Sasa N, Suzuki H, Okiji T, Ohshima H.
J Endod. 2011 Aug;37(8):1086-91.
PMID:
21763899
[PubMed - in process]
Phototherapy with low-level laser affects the remodeling of types I and III collagen in skeletal muscle repair.
de Souza TO, Mesquita DA, Ferrari RA, Dos Santos Pinto D Jr, Correa L, Bussadori SK, Fernandes KP, Martins MD.
Lasers Med Sci. 2011 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21761120
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Laparoscopic management for carcinoid metastasis to the spleen.
Balmforth D, Skouras C, Palazzo F, Zacharakis E.
HPB Surg. 2011;2011:346507. Epub 2011 Apr 6.
PMID:
21760662
[PubMed - in process]
Atypical Self-Activation of Ga Dopant for Ge Nanowire Devices.
Zeiner C, Lugstein A, Burchhart T, Pongratz P, Connell JG, Lauhon LJ, Bertagnolli E.
Nano Lett. 2011 Jul 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21744779
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gallium-enhanced phase contrast in atom probe tomography of nanocrystalline and amorphous Al-Mn alloys.
Ruan S, Torres KL, Thompson GB, Schuh CA.
Ultramicroscopy. 2011 Jan 28;111(8):1062-1072. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21740869
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Assessment of waveguiding properties of gallium oxide nanostructures by angle resolved cathodoluminescence in a scanning electron microscope.
Nogales E, Méndez B, Piqueras J.
Ultramicroscopy. 2011 Mar 21;111(8):1037-1042. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21740866
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Multivalent Bifunctional Chelator Scaffolds for Gallium-68 Based Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Probe Design: Signal Amplification via Multivalency.
Singh AN, Liu W, Hao G, Kumar A, Gupta A, O¨z OK, Hsieh JT, Sun X.
Bioconjug Chem. 2011 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21740059
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Arsenic trioxide treatment decreases the oxygen consumption rate of tumor cells and radiosensitizes solid tumors.
Diepart C, Karroum O, Magat J, Feron O, Verrax J, Buc Calderon P, Grégoire V, Leveque P, Stockis J, Dauguet N, Jordan BF, Gallez B.
Cancer Res. 2011 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22139377
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Arsenic-Induced Straighthead: An Impending Threat to Sustainable Rice Production in South and South-East Asia!
Azizur Rahman M, Mamunur Rahman M, Hasegawa H.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22139332
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative Soil Metal Analyses in Sudbury (Ontario, Canada) and Lubumbashi (Katanga, DR-Congo).
Narendrula R, Nkongolo KK, Beckett P.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2011 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22139330
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of the arsenic repressor ArsR from Corynebacterium glutamicum.
Santha S, Pandaranayaka EP, Rosen BP, Thiyagarajan S.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):1616-8. Epub 2011 Nov 26.
PMID:
22139180
[PubMed - in process]
Arsenic contamination and speciation in surrounding waters of three old cinnabar mines.
Larios R, Fernández-Martínez R, Silva V, Loredo J, Rucandio I.
J Environ Monit. 2011 Dec 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22139034
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Arsenic Exposure and Hypertension: A Systematic Review.
Abhyankar LN, Jones MR, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A.
Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22138666
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Metals in biology: defining metalloproteomes.
Yannone SM, Hartung S, Menon AL, Adams MW, Tainer JA.
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2011 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22138493
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Total and inorganic arsenic concentrations in different species of economically important algae harvested from coastal zones of Chile.
Díaz O, Tapia Y, Muñoz O, Montoro R, Velez D, Almela C.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2011 Nov 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22138359
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Zamzam water: Concentration of trace elements and other characteristics.
Shomar B.
Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22138338
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Removal of methylated arsenic using a nanostructured zirconia-based sorbent: Process performance and adsorption chemistry.
Zheng YM, Yu L, Chen JP.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22137855
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Humans seem to produce arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinate after a bolus dose of seafood.
Molin M, Ulven SM, Dahl L, Telle-Hansen VH, Holck M, Skjegstad G, Ledsaak O, Sloth JJ, Goessler W, Oshaug A, Alexander J, Fliegel D, Ydersbond TA, Meltzer HM.
Environ Res. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22137101
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A modified batch reactor system to study equilibrium-reactive transport problems.
Jeppu GP, Clement TP, Barnett MO, Lee KK.
J Contam Hydrol. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22136983
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Identification of the GST-T1 and GST-M1 Null Genotypes using High Resolution Melting Analysis.
Drobna Z, Del Razo LM, Garcia-Vargas G, Sanchez-Ramirez B, Gonzalez-Horta C, Ballinas ML, Loomis D, Styblo M.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Dec 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22136492
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Uranium and trace elements in phosphate fertilizers-saudi arabia.
Khater AE.
Health Phys. 2012 Jan;102(1):63-70.
PMID:
22134079
[PubMed - in process]
Natural attenuation of arsenic in soils near a highly contaminated historical mine waste dump.
Drahota P, Filippi M, Ettler V, Rohovec J, Mihaljevic M, Sebek O.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Nov 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22134035
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Removing arsenic from synthetic groundwater with iron electrocoagulation: An Fe and As K-edge EXAFS study.
van Genuchten CM, Addy SE, Pena J, Gadgil A.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22132945
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Embryotoxicity assessment of developmental neurotoxicants using a neuronal endpoint in the embryonic stem cell test.
Baek DH, Kim TG, Lim HK, Kang JW, Seong SK, Choi SE, Lim SY, Park SH, Nam BH, Kim EH, Kim MS, Park KL.
J Appl Toxicol. 2011 Dec 1. doi: 10.1002/jat.1747. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22131109
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparing different means of signal treatment for improving the detection power in HPLC-ICP-MS.
Prikler S, Pick D, Einax JW.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22130722
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Biological monitoring versus air monitoring strategies in assessing environmental-occupational exposure.
Jakubowski M.
J Environ Monit. 2011 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22130625
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Overexpression of alfalfa mitochondrial HSP23 in prokaryotic and eukaryotic model systems confers enhanced tolerance to salinity and arsenic stress.
Lee KW, Cha JY, Kim KH, Kim YG, Lee BH, Lee SH.
Biotechnol Lett. 2011 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22127759
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Indium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Indium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1. In its elemental form indium's CAS number is 7440-74-6. The indium atom has a radius of 162.6.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 193.pm. Indium has found application in semi-conductor materials and other electronic applications. It is used to make low-melting alloys, such as an alloy of 24% indium - 76% Indium is liquid at room temperature. It is used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, and photoconductors. It can be plated onto metal and 
evaporated onto glass, forming a mirror as good as that made with silver but with more resistance to atmospheric corrosion. Indium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Indium is also used in various metal alloys (See AE Alloys). Indium was first discovered by Ferdinand Reich in 1863. See Indium research below. 
Gallium is a Block P, Group 13, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Gallium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 3 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1. In its elemental form gallium's CAS number is 7440-55-3. The gallium atom has a radius of 122.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 187.pm. Gallium is one of three elements that naturally occur as a liquid at room temperature. The other two are mercury and cesium. The application of gallium that has received the most attention is the production of semiconducting compounds. Of these, the 
most important are the compounds of gallium with antimony, arsenic or phosphor. Nowadays gallium arsenide (Ga-As) is undoubtedly the most used. This compound is used in the production of several electronic parts such as diodes and transistors, made for voltage rectification, signal amplification, etc. Other gallium arsenide applications are the semiconductor "lasing" and microwave generation and also in sensors to measure temperature, light or magnetic field. Gallium was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1825. See Gallium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
Arsenic is a Block P, Group 15, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Arsenic's shells is 2, 8, 18, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3. In its elemental form arsenic's CAS number is 1327-53-3. The arsenic atom has a radius of 124.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 185.pm. Arsenic in the organic form is not harmful but in the inorganic form it is extremely toxic even in very small amounts. Arsenic has numerous applications as a semiconductor and other electronic applications as Indium arsenide, silicon arsenide and tin arsenidea. Arsenic is finding increasing uses as a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light. Arsenic is used in bronzing and for hardening and improving the sphericity of shot. Arsenic is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in 
the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Arsenic information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. See Arsenic research below.
