NLO is a line solid used in photo optic applications.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Lithium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Lithium's shells is 2, 1 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s1. In its elemental form lithium's CAS number is 7439-93-2. The lithium atom has a radius of 152.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 182.pm. Lithium is toxic and corrosive. Lithium is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the highest specific heat of any material and the highest electrochemical potential. This makes it important in applications involving heat transfer and as the anode in batteries. Lithium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Lithium is a dopant in advanced optical glass. It is used as an alloy in light weight metals. Lithium stearate is a common high temperature lubricant. Lithium was first discovered by Johann Arvedson in 1817. The origin of the name Lithium comes from the Greek word lithose which means "stone". See Lithium research below.
Niobium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Niobium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d4 5s1. In its elemental form niobium's CAS number is 7440-03-1. The niobium atom has a radius of 142.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Some niobium compounds are considered very toxic. Niobium is the basis for various barium titanate compositions used as dielectric coatings in telecommunications and small advanced electronics, such as cell phones, pagers and laptop computers. Niobium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Niobium has medical research applications. It is alloyed to produce arc-welding rods and in corrosion-resistant steel. Niobium was first discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. The word Niobium originates from Niobe, daughter of mythical Greek king Tantalus. See Niobium research below.
American Elements semi conducting materials are structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
Do men with prostate abnormalities (prostatitis/benign prostatic hyperplasia/prostate cancer) develop immunity to spermatozoa or seminal plasma?
Hoover P, Naz RK.
Int J Androl. 2012 Feb 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01246.x. [Epub ahead of print]
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22321000
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Determination of absorbed dose to water around a clinical HDR (192)Ir source using LiF:Mg,Ti TLDs demonstrates an LET dependence of detector response.
Carlsson Tedgren A, Elia R, Hedtja¨rn H, Olsson S, Alm Carlsson G.
Med Phys. 2012 Feb;39(2):1133.
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22320824
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Synthesis of Triptycene-Derived Macrotricyclic Host Containing Two Dibenzo-[18]-crown-6 Moieties and Its Complexation with Paraquat Derivatives: Li(+)-Ion-Controlled Binding and Release of the Guests in the Complexes.
Han Y, Lu HY, Zong QS, Guo JB, Chen CF.
J Org Chem. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
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22320661
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Synthesis and Characterization of ß-Diketiminate Germanium(II) Compounds.
Yang Y, Zhao N, Wu Y, Zhu H, Roesky HW.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
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22320161
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GSK-3 and Wnt Signaling in Neurogenesis and Bipolar Disorder.
Valvezan AJ, Klein PS.
Front Mol Neurosci. 2012;5:1. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
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22319467
[PubMed - in process]
Anisotropic Ionic Mobility of Lithium Salts in Lamellar Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks.
Ramón-Gimenez L, Storz R, Haberl J, Finkelmann H, Hoffmann A.
Macromol Rapid Commun. 2012 Feb 8. doi: 10.1002/marc.201100792. [Epub ahead of print]
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22318912
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Ab initio and density functional theoretical design and screening of model crown ether based ligand (host) for extraction of lithium metal ion (guest): effect of donor and electronic induction.
Boda A, Ali SM, Rao H, Ghosh SK.
J Mol Model. 2012 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print]
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22318713
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In situ TEM observation of lithium nanoparticle growth and morphological cycling.
Ghatak J, Guan W, Möbus G.
Nanoscale. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318611
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Psychotropic drug-induced weight gain and other metabolic complications in a Swiss psychiatric population.
Choong E, Bondolfi G, Etter M, Jermann F, Aubry JM, Bartolomei J, Gholam-Rezaee M, Eap CB.
J Psychiatr Res. 2012 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
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22316639
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Using adjunctive treatments when first-line antidepressants fail.
Thase ME.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Jan;73(1):e01.
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22316580
[PubMed - in process]
What Can We Learn from Ionic Conductivity Measurements in Polymer Electrolytes? - A Case Study on PEO-NaI and PEO-LiTFSI.
Stolwijk NA, Wiencierz M, Heddier C, Kösters J.
J Phys Chem B. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22316082
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exfoliation and Reassembly of Cobalt Oxide Nanosheets into a Reversible Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode.
Compton OC, Abouimrane A, An Z, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC, Amine K, Nguyen ST.
Small. 2012 Feb 8. doi: 10.1002/smll.201101131. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22315165
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Tanshinone IIA protects PC12 cells from ß-amyloid(25-35)-induced apoptosis via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Dong H, Mao S, Wei J, Liu B, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Yan M.
Mol Biol Rep. 2012 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22314911
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A facile titanium glycolate precursor route to mesoporous Au/Li4Ti5O12 spheres for high-rate lithium ion batteries.
Li C, Li Q, Chen L, Wang T.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22313873
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhanced Performance of Solution-Processed Amorphous LiYInZnO Thin-Film Transistors.
Koo CY, Song K, Jung Y, Yang W, Kim SH, Jeong S, Moon J.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311703
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
TiO(2) Nanocages: Fast Synthesis, Interior Functionalization and Improved Lithium Storage Properties.
Wang Z, Lou XW.
Adv Mater. 2012 Feb 7. doi: 10.1002/adma.201104546. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311574
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhanced electrochemical properties of LiFePO(4) by Mo-substitution and graphitic carbon-coating via a facile and fast microwave-assisted solid-state reaction.
Li D, Huang Y, Sharma N, Chen Z, Jia D, Guo Z.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311165
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Penetration of alkali atoms throughout a graphene membrane: theoretical modeling.
Boukhvalov DW, Virojanadara C.
Nanoscale. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22310963
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Proteasome inhibition-induced p38 MAPK/ERK signaling regulates autophagy and apoptosis through the dual phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3ß
Choi CH, Lee BH, Ahn SG, Oh SH.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012 Jan 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22310719
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bifurcated Hydrogen-Bond in Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate Probed by Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics.
Muniz-Miranda F, Pagliai M, Cardini G, Righini R.
J Phys Chem A. 2012 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22309150
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Organically templated metal germanate: Ionothermal synthesis of (C(8)H(24)N(4))[NbOGe(6)O(13)(OH)(2)F].
Nguyen QB, Lii KH.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21931917
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Active Low-valent Niobium Catalysts from NbCl5 and Hydrosilanes for Selective Intermolecular Cycloadditions.
Satoh Y, Obora Y.
J Org Chem. 2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21919436
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of transparent aqueous sols of colloidal layered niobate nanocrystals at room temperature.
Ban T, Yoshikawa S, Ohya Y.
J Colloid Interface Sci. 2011 Aug 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21903222
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
White Phosphorus Activation at a Metal-Phosphorus Triple Bond: a New Route to cyclo-Triphosphorus or cyclo-Pentaphosphorus Complexes of Niobium.
Tofan D, Cossairt BM, Cummins CC.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Sep 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21894967
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Niobium phosphates as new highly selective catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane.
Weng W, Davies M, Whiting G, Solsona B, Kiely CJ, Carley AF, Taylor SH.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Oct 14;13(38):17395-404. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
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21881631
[PubMed - in process]
Assessment of the Morphological, Biochemical, and Kinetic Properties for Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized on Hydrous Niobium Oxide to Be Used in the Biodiesel Synthesis.
Miranda M, Urioste D, Andrade Souza LT, Mendes AA, de Castro HF.
Enzyme Res. 2011;2011:216435. Epub 2011 Aug 16.
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21876790
[PubMed - in process]
A highly efficient silver niobium alumina catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by n-decane.
Petitto C, Mutin HP, Delahay G.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Sep 20;47(38):10728-30. Epub 2011 Aug 24.
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A study of phase separated Ni(66)Nb(17)Y(17) metallic glass using atom probe tomography.
Shariq A, Mattern N.
Ultramicroscopy. 2011 Jul;111(8):1370-4. Epub 2011 May 18.
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21864779
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Z-Selective, Catalytic Internal Alkyne Semihydrogenation under H(2)/CO Mixtures by a Niobium(III) Imido Complex.
Gianetti TL, Tomson NC, Arnold J, Bergman RG.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Sep 28;133(38):14904-7. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
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21854008
[PubMed - in process]
Highly aligned carbon nanotube forests coated by superconducting NbC.
Zou GF, Luo HM, Baily S, Zhang YY, Haberkorn NF, Xiong J, Bauer E, McCleskey TM, Burrell AK, Civale L, Zhu YT, Macmanus-Driscoll JL, Jia QX.
Nat Commun. 2011 Aug 16;2:428. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1438.
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Anisotropy of extinction: extrapolation to the kinematical limit by ?-ray diffraction.
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Acta Crystallogr A. 2011 Sep;67(Pt 5):469-72. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
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21844651
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Tri-?-oxido-bis-[(5,10,15,20-tetra-phenyl-porphyrinato-?N)niobium(V)].
Soury R, Belkhiria MS, Daran JC, Nasri H.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jul 1;67(Pt 7):m862-3. Epub 2011 Jun 4.
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Assessing the performance and longevity of Nb, Pt, Ta, Ti, Zr, and ZrO?-sputtered Havar foils for the high-power production of reactive [¹?F]F? by proton irradiation of [¹?O]H?O.
Gagnon K, Wilson JS, Sant E, Backhouse CJ, McQuarrie SA.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 Oct;69(10):1330-6. Epub 2011 Feb 25.
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21782460
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NbN and NbS2 nanobelt arrays: in-situ conversion preparation and field-emission performance.
Tao Y, Gao Q, Wang X, Wu X, Mao C, Zhu J.
J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):3345-9.
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SrNbO2N as a water-splitting photoanode with a wide visible-light absorption band.
Maeda K, Higashi M, Siritanaratkul B, Abe R, Domen K.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Aug 17;133(32):12334-7. Epub 2011 Jul 26.
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21770436
[PubMed - in process]
Oxygen-containing gas-phase diatomic trications and tetracations: ReO(z+), NbO(z+) and HfO(z+) (z = 3, 4).
Brites V, Franzreb K, Harvey JN, Sayres SG, Ross MW, Blumling DE, Castleman AW, Hochlaf M.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Sep 7;13(33):15233-43. Epub 2011 Jul 15.
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21761073
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Li(2)Ca(1.5)Nb(3)O(10) from X-ray powder data.
Zhu BC, Tang KB.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Apr 1;67(Pt 4):i25. Epub 2011 Mar 12.
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21753922
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Novel borothermal process for the synthesis of nanocrystalline oxides and borides of niobium.
Jha M, Ramanujachary KV, Lofland SE, Gupta G, Ganguli AK.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Aug 21;40(31):7879-88. Epub 2011 Jul 8.
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Tuning of superconducting niobium nitride terahertz metamaterials.
Wu J, Jin B, Xue Y, Zhang C, Dai H, Zhang L, Cao C, Kang L, Xu W, Chen J, Wu P.
Opt Express. 2011 Jun 20;19(13):12021-6. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.012021.
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21716437
[PubMed - in process]
Light-induced spin-crossover magnet.
Ohkoshi S, Imoto K, Tsunobuchi Y, Takano S, Tokoro H.
Nat Chem. 2011 Jun 5;3(7):564-9. doi: 10.1038/nchem.1067.
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Lithium is a Block S, Group 1, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Lithium's shells is 2, 1 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s1. In its elemental form lithium's CAS number is 7439-93-2. The lithium atom has a radius of 152.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 182.pm. Lithium is toxic and corrosive. Lithium is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the highest specific heat of any material and the highest electrochemical
potential. This makes it important in applications involving heat transfer and as the anode in batteries. Lithium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% 
(ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Lithium is a dopant in advanced optical glass. It is used as an alloy in light weight metals. Lithium stearate is a common high temperature lubricant. Lithium was first discovered by Johann Arvedson in 1817. The origin of the name Lithium comes from the Greek word lithose which means "stone". See Lithium research below.
Niobium is a Block D, Group 5, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Niobium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d4 5s1. In its elemental form niobium's CAS number is 7440-03-1. The niobium atom has a radius of 142.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Some niobium compounds are considered very toxic. Niobium is the basis for various barium titanate compositions used as dielectric coatings in telecommunications 
and small advanced electronics, such as cell phones, pagers and laptop computers. Niobium is available as metal and compounds
with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Niobium has medical research applications. It is alloyed to produce arc-welding rods and in corrosion-resistant steel. Niobium was first discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801. The word Niobium originates from Niobe, daughter of mythical Greek king Tantalus. See Niobium research below. 
