American Elements specializes in producing lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) for fuel cell cathode applications utilizing solid state processing to produce single phase perovskite structures with various doping levels and surface areas (SSA) for use in thin film layers. Upon firing, American Elements' Lanthanum Strontium Manganite will partially sinter to form well-defined necks and open gas paths to permit simultaneous gas and electrical transfer. Lanthanum Strontium Manganite has an excellent thermal expansion match with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. It is highly electronically conductive and has proven long term stability. Lanthanum Strontium Manganite belongs to a class of "A" site and "B" site doped perovskite structures with these properties. These include Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite (LSF), Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Calcium Manganite (LCM), Lanthanum Strontium Chromite (LSC), and Lanthanum Strontium Gallate Magnesite (LSGM). Lanthanum Strontium Manganite is available as a powder for tape casting, air spray/thermal spray/plasma spray, extrusion and sputtering fuel cell applications and as an ink for screen printing. Strontium doping levels are available at 10% and 20% and as specified by customer. Oxygen starved compositions are available. American Elements provides guidance on firing parameters, doping levels, and thermal expansion matching with American Elements' electrolyte and interconnect fuel cell layers. Also see product data sheets for LSM-20-P and LSM-20-I.
Lanthanum is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Lanthanum's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form lanthanum 's CAS number is 7439-91-0. The lanthanum atom has a radius of 187.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Lanthanum and compounds of Lanthanum are somewhat toxic. Lanthanum is one of the products manufactured and distributed under the tradename AE Rare Earths. Lanthanum is the first element in the rare earth or lanthanide series. It is the model for all the other trivalent rare earths. After cerium, it is the second most abundant of the rare earths. Lanthanum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.Lanthanum-rich lanthanide compositions have been used extensively for cracking reactions in FCC catalysts, especially to manufacture low-octane fuel for heavy crude oil. The name Lanthanum originates from the Greek word Lanthaneia which means 'To lie hidden'. See Lanthanum research below.
Strontium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Strontium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 5s2. In its elemental form strontium's CAS number is 7440-24-6. The strontium atom has a radius of 215.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. The non-radioactive isotopes of Strontium are not toxic. Strontium has low tech applications as an additive to flares and pyrotechnics because of the bright crimson flame produced by its salts. Strontium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It also has many high technology applications because of its high refractive index as a titanate in glass, as a "getter" in electron tubes and as a dopant for numerous perovskite formulations to produce cathodes for oxygen generation or solid oxide fuel cells. Historically the primary use of strontium was to produce CRT glass for color television and computer tubes. Strontium was first discovered by A. Crawford in 1790. Strontium was named after the Scottish town it was discovered in, Strontian. See Strontium research below.
Manganese is a Block D, Group 7, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Manganese's shells is 2, 8, 13, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s2. In its elemental form manganese's CAS number is 7439-96-5. The manganese atom has a radius of 136.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Manganese in excess is toxic, in particular the inhalation of manganese in powder or dust form. Manganese metal is a key component of aluminumalloys. Manganese oxide is used in dry cell batteries. Manganese is used in steel production to remove sulfur and oxygen. Manganese is the colorant in natural amethyst stones and is used in glass and ceramics to also create the amethyst color. It is used like the element cerium to "decolorize" glass by offsetting the green from impurities of ferric ions. Permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in medicine. It is added as a nutritional supplement for both human and animal consumption. Recently, the oxide in the form of various perovskite structures have demonstrated applications in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cells. Manganese was first discovered by Johann Gahn in 1774. The name Manganese originates from the Latin word mangnes meaning magnet. See Manganese research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Sorption of lanthanum and erbium from
aqueous solution by activated carbon prepared from rice husk. Awwad NS, Gad HM, Ahmad MI, Aly HF. Colloids Surf B
Biointerfaces. 2010 Dec 1;81(2):593-9. Epub 2010 Aug 10. PubMed PMID: 20800456.
The
effect of sevelamer carbonate and lanthanum carbonate on the pharmacokinetics of
oral calcitriol. Pierce D, Hossack S, Poole L, Robinson A, Van Heusen H, Martin P, Smyth M. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20921291.
Intrinsic microwave dielectric loss of lanthanum aluminate. Shimada T, Ichikawa K, Minemura T, Yamauchi H, Utsumi W, Ishii Y, Breeze J,
Alford N. IEEE Trans
Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2010 Oct;57(10):2243-9. PubMed PMID: 20889412.
Effects of Lanthanum Chloride
Administration on Detouring Learning in Chicks. Che Y, Xing R, Zhu Y, Cui Y, Jiang X. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Sep 28.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20878364.
Core-shell La(1-x)Sr(x)MnO3
nanoparticles as colloidal mediators for magnetic fluid hyperthermia. Pollert E, Kaman O, Veverka P, Veverka M, Marysko M, Záveta K, Kacenka M,
Lukes I, Jendelová P, Kaspar P, Burian M, Herynek V. Philos
Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2010 Sep 28;368(1927):4389-405. PubMed PMID:
20732893.
Overestimation of Lumbar Spine Calcium
with Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scanning due to the Prescription of
Lanthanum Carbonate in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Fürstenberg A, Buscombe J, Davenport A. Am J Nephrol. 2010
Sep 23;32(5):425-431. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20861616.
Effects of Lanthanum on Calcium and
Magnesium Contents and Cytoplasmic Streaming of Internodal Cells of Chara
corallina. Li Z, Zhang Z, Yu M, Zhou Y, Zhao Y. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20862562.
Human serum albumin nanoparticles modified with apolipoprotein A-I cross the
blood-brain barrier and enter the rodent brain. Zensi A, Begley D, Pontikis C, Legros C, Mihoreanu L, Büchel C, Kreuter J. J Drug Target. 2010 Sep 20. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20849354.
Nano rare-earth oxides induced
size-dependent vacuolization: an independent pathway from autophagy. Zhang Y, Yu C, Huang G, Wang C, Wen L. Int J
Nanomedicine. 2010 Sep 7;5:601-9. PubMed PMID: 20856835; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC2939705.
Three-year extension
study of lanthanum carbonate therapy in Japanese hemodialysis patients. Shigematsu T; The Lanthanum Carbonate Research Group. Clin Exp
Nephrol. 2010 Sep 4. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20814807.
Coordination polymers and hydrogen-bonded
assemblies of 2,2'-[2,5-bis(carboxymethoxy)-1,4-phenylene]diacetic acid with
ammonium, lanthanum and zinc cations. Titi HM, Karmakar A, Goldberg I. Acta Crystallogr C. 2010 Sep;66(Pt
9):m238-44. Epub 2010 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 20814094.
Molecules
containing rare-earth atoms solely bonded by transition metals. Butovskii MV, Döring C, Bezugly V, Wagner FR, Grin Y, Kempe R. Nat Chem. 2010
Sep;2(9):741-4. Epub 2010 Jun 27. PubMed PMID: 20729893.
Regulation and mechanism of potassium
release from barley roots: an in planta(42)K analysis. Coskun D, Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. New Phytol. 2010 Aug 20.
[Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20731780.
Proteomic analysis of lanthanum
citrate-induced apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma SiHa cells. Shen L, Lan Z, Sun X, Shi L, Liu Q, Ni J. Biometals. 2010
Aug 1. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20814718.
Hybrid x-ray/optical
luminescence imaging: characterization of experimental conditions. Carpenter CM, Sun C, Pratx G, Rao R, Xing L. Med Phys. 2010
Aug;37(8):4011-8. PubMed PMID: 20879562; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2917453.
A new large area lanthanum
hexaboride plasma source. Cooper CM, Gekelman W, Pribyl P, Lucky Z. Rev Sci Instrum. 2010 Aug;81(8):083503. PubMed PMID:
20815604.
[Combined injured effects of acid rain and
lanthanum on growth of soybean seedling]. Liang CJ, Pan DY, Xu QR, Zhou Q. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2010
Jul;31(7):1652-6. Chinese. PubMed PMID: 20825040.
Stability
behavior of anionic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes in the presence of La(III)
counterions. Schneider C, Jusufi A, Farina R, Pincus P, Tirrell M, Ballauff M. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2010 Jul;82(1 Pt 1):011401.
Epub 2010 Jul 7. PubMed PMID: 20866614.
Antibacterial
effect of lanthanum calcium manganate (La0.67Ca0.33MnO3) nanoparticles against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. De D, Mandal SM, Gauri SS, Bhattacharya R, Ram S, Roy SK. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 2010 Apr;6(2):138-44.
PubMed PMID: 20738067.
Recent Research & Development for Strontium
The effect of frequency of calcium hydroxide dressing change and various pre- and inter-operative factors on the endodontic treatment of traumatized immature permanent incisors.
Yassen GH, Chin J, Mohammedsharif AG, Alsoufy SS, Othman SS, Eckert G.
Dent Traumatol. 2011 Nov 16. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2011.01089.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22136164
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Thirteen Years' Experience of Diaphragmatic Injury in Children from the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS), Rohtak, India.
Rattan KN, Narang R, Rohilla S, Maggu S, Dhaulakhandi DB.
Malays J Med Sci. 2011 Jan;18(1):45-51.
PMID:
22135573
[PubMed - in process]
Requirement of Potassium for the Action of Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) on Frog Skin.
Jared SR, Rao JP.
Zoolog Sci. 2011 Dec;28(12):916-21.
PMID:
22132789
[PubMed - in process]
Removal efficiency of water purifier and adsorbent for iodine, cesium, strontium, barium and zirconium in drinking water.
Sato I, Kudo H, Tsuda S.
J Toxicol Sci. 2011;36(6):829-34.
PMID:
22129747
[PubMed - in process]
Compact pulse forming line using barium titanate ceramic material.
Kumar Sharma S, Deb P, Shukla R, Prabaharan T, Shyam A.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Nov;82(11):115102.
PMID:
22129008
[PubMed - in process]
Barium enema and diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Claridge LC.
BMJ. 2011 Nov 29;343:d7704. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7704. No abstract available.
PMID:
22127450
[PubMed - in process]
Preparation methods and thermal stability of Ba-Mn-Ce oxide catalyst for NO(x)-assisted soot oxidation.
Wu X, Lin F, Wang L, Weng D, Zhou Z.
J Environ Sci (China). 2011;23(7):1205-10.
PMID:
22125916
[PubMed - in process]
Mechanisms of the cerebral vasodilator actions of isoflavonoids of Gegen on rat isolated basilar artery.
Deng Y, Ng ES, Yeung JH, Kwan YW, Lau CB, Koon JC, Zhou L, Zuo Z, Leung PC, Fung KP, Lam FF.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Nov 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22120017
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[A new retrievable nitinol alloy stents for treatment of refractory benign esophageal strictures].
Li XH, Hu Y, Yang H, Bella AE, Fu JH.
Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2011 Nov;14(11):875-8. Chinese.
PMID:
22116724
[PubMed - in process]
Long-term follow-up of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe refractory Crohn's disease.
Hommes DW, Duijvestein M, Zelinkova Z, Stokkers PC, Ley MH, Stoker J, Voermans C, van Oers MH, Kersten MJ.
J Crohns Colitis. 2011 Dec;5(6):543-9. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
PMID:
22115372
[PubMed - in process]
A novel multipass scheme for enhancement of second harmonic generation.
Harimoto T, Yo B, Uchida K.
Opt Express. 2011 Nov 7;19(23):22692-7. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.022692.
PMID:
22109150
[PubMed - in process]
Insight into the local structure of barium indate oxide-ion conductors: An X-ray total scattering study.
Mancini A, Shin JF, Orera A, Slater PR, Tealdi C, Ren Y, Page KL, Malavasi L.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22105971
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Hiatal hernias.
Dean C, Etienne D, Carpentier B, Gielecki J, Tubbs RS, Loukas M.
Surg Radiol Anat. 2011 Nov 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22105688
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
New Volatile Strontium and Barium Imidazolate Complexes for the Deposition of Group 2 Metal Oxides.
Norman JA, Perez M, Kim MS, Lei X, Ivanov S, Derecskei-Kovacs A, Matz L, Buchanan I, Rheingold AL.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22103761
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
INDIVIDUAL-SPECIFIC TRANSGENERATIONAL MARKING OF FISH POPULATIONS BASED ON A BARIUM DUAL-ISOTOPE PROCEDURE.
Huelga-Suarez G, Moldovan M, Garcia-Valiente A, Garcia-Vazquez E, Alonso JI.
Anal Chem. 2011 Nov 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22103693
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ileorectal fistula due to a rectal cancer-A case report.
Takahashi M, Fukuda T.
Int J Surg Case Rep. 2011;2(2):20-1. Epub 2010 Nov 27.
PMID:
22096678
[PubMed - in process]
Pilot study: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of pancrealipase for the treatment of postprandial irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhoea.
Money ME, Walkowiak J, Virgilio C, Talley NJ.
Frontline Gastroenterol. 2011 Jan;2(1):48-56. Epub 2010 Nov 3.
PMID:
22095308
[PubMed]
Functional antagonism of amphetamine versus ethanol on adrenergic neurotransmission in vas deferens of adolescent rats.
Silva Júnior ED, Caricati-Neto A, Jurkiewicz NH, Jurkiewicz A.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22094068
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Esophageal inlet patch.
Behrens C, Yen PP.
Radiol Res Pract. 2011;2011:460890. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
PMID:
22091379
[PubMed - in process]
C-A5-02: Is Tailored Screening for Colorectal Cancer based on Gender and Race Cost-Effective?
Flottemesch T; the Prevention Priorities Study Team.
Clin Med Res. 2011 Nov;9(3-4):174.
PMID:
22090618
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Exposure to Glyphosate- and/or Mn/Zn-Ethylene-bis-Dithiocarbamate-Containing Pesticides Leads to Degeneration of ?-Aminobutyric Acid and Dopamine Neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Negga R, Stuart JA, Machen ML, Salva J, Lizek AJ, Richardson SJ, Osborne AS, Mirallas O, McVey KA, Fitsanakis VA.
Neurotox Res. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21922334
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Enhanced enzyme production with the pelleted form of D. squalens in laboratory bioreactors using added natural lignin inducer.
Babic J, Pavko A.
J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21922328
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Manganese-Schiff base complexes as catalysts for water photolysis.
González-Riopedre G, Fernández-García MI, González-Noya AM, Vázquez-Fernández MA, Bermejo MR, Maneiro M.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21922086
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Increasing manganese peroxidase production and biodecolorization of triphenylmethane dyes by novel fungal consortium.
Yang X, Wang J, Zhao X, Wang Q, Xue R.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21920734
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A mixed-valence manganese cubane trapped by inequivalent trilacunary polyoxometalate ligands.
Mitchell SG, Molina PI, Khanra S, Miras HN, Prescimone A, Cooper GJ, Winter RS, Brechin EK, Long DL, Cogdell RJ, Cronin L.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Sep 19;50(39):9154-7. doi: 10.1002/anie.201102727. Epub 2011 Aug 24. No abstract available.
PMID:
21919149
[PubMed - in process]
Comparison of the photochemistry of organometallic N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine complexes of manganese.
Batool M, Martin TA, Naser MA, George MW, Macgregor SA, Mahon MF, Whittlesey MK.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21918776
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The importance of antioxidant micronutrients in pregnancy.
Mistry HD, Williams PJ.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2011;2011:841749. Epub 2011 Sep 13.
PMID:
21918714
[PubMed - in process]
Altered mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in placentas from undernourished rat gestations.
Belkacemi L, Desai M, Nelson DM, Ross MG.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21918224
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A New Route towards Redox Bistability through the Inspection of Manganese-Porphyrin Complexes.
Kepenekian M, Vetere V, Le Guennic B, Maldivi P, Robert V.
Chemistry. 2011 Sep 13. doi: 10.1002/chem.201101184. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21915926
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Manganese(ii)-carboxylate-pseudohalide systems derived from 1,4-bis(4-carboxylatopyridinium-1-methylene)benzene: structures and magnetism.
Wang YQ, Sun Q, Yue Q, Cheng AL, Song Y, Gao EQ.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21915428
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Multicomponent reaction access to complex quinolines via oxidation of the Povarov adducts.
Vicente-García E, Ramón R, Preciado S, Lavilla R.
Beilstein J Org Chem. 2011;7:980-7. Epub 2011 Jul 13.
PMID:
21915197
[PubMed - in process]
Air toxics exposure from vehicle emissions at a U.S. border crossing: Buffalo Peace Bridge Study.
Spengler J, Lwebuga-Mukasa J, Vallarino J, Melly S, Chillrud S, Baker J, Minegishi T.
Res Rep Health Eff Inst. 2011 Jul;(158):5-132.
PMID:
21913504
[PubMed - in process]
Adjustable Zero Thermal Expansion in Antiperovskite Manganese Nitride.
Song X, Sun Z, Huang Q, Rettenmayr M, Liu X, Seyring M, Li G, Rao G, Yin F.
Adv Mater. 2011 Sep 12. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102552. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21913237
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Manganese-Catalyzed Cleavage of a Carbon-Carbon Single Bond between Carbonyl Carbon and ?-Carbon Atoms of Ketones.
Kuninobu Y, Uesugi T, Kawata A, Takai K.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Sep 9. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104704. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21910198
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Manganese superoxide dismutase is a mitochondrial fidelity protein that protects Pol? against UV-induced inactivation.
Bakthavatchalu V, Dey S, Xu Y, Noel T, Jungsuwadee P, Holley AK, Dhar SK, Batinic-Haberle I, St Clair DK.
Oncogene. 2011 Sep 12. doi: 10.1038/onc.2011.407. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21909133
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Regulation of perR expression by iron and PerR in Campylobacter jejuni.
Kim M, Hwang S, Ryu S, Jeon B.
J Bacteriol. 2011 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21908670
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Escherichia coli MntR mini regulon includes genes encoding a small protein and an efflux pump required for manganese homeostasis.
Waters LS, Sandoval M, Storz G.
J Bacteriol. 2011 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21908668
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of clinically relevant Pasteurellaceae isolated from cats and dogs in Poland.
Król J, Bania J, Florek M, Pliszczak-Król A, Staroniewicz Z.
J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011 May;23(3):532-7.
PMID:
21908285
[PubMed - in process]
Iterative algorithm for spatial and intensity normalization of MEMRI images. Application to tract-tracing of rat olfactory pathways.
Lehallier B, Andrey P, Maurin Y, Bonny JM.
Magn Reson Imaging. 2011 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21908129
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Long-range effect of cyanide on mercury methylation in a gold mining area in southern Ecuador.
Guimaraes JR, Betancourt O, Miranda MR, Barriga R, Cueva E, Betancourt S.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21908015
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
utilizing solid state processing to produce single phase perovskite structures with various doping levels and surface areas (SSA) for use in thin film layers. Upon firing, American Elements' Lanthanum Strontium Manganite will partially sinter to form well-defined necks and open gas paths to permit simultaneous gas and electrical transfer. Lanthanum Strontium Manganite has an excellent thermal expansion match with Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. It is highly electronically conductive and has proven long term stability. Lanthanum Strontium Manganite belongs to a class of "A" site and "B" site doped perovskite structures with these properties. These include Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite (LSF), Lanthanum Strontium Cobaltite Ferrite (LSCF), Lanthanum Calcium Manganite (LCM), Lanthanum Strontium Chromite (LSC), and Lanthanum Strontium Gallate Magnesite (LSGM). Lanthanum Strontium Manganite is available as a powder for tape casting, air spray/thermal spray/plasma spray, extrusion and sputtering fuel cell applications and as an ink for screen printing. Strontium doping levels are available at 10% and 20% and as specified by customer. Oxygen starved compositions are available. American Elements provides guidance on firing parameters, doping levels, and thermal expansion matching with American Elements' electrolyte and interconnect fuel cell layers. Also see product data sheets for LSM-20-P and LSM-20-I.
Lanthanum is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Lanthanum's shells is 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form lanthanum 's CAS number is 7439-91-0. The lanthanum atom has a radius of 187.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Lanthanum and compounds of 
Lanthanum are somewhat toxic. Lanthanum is one of the products manufactured and distributed under the tradename AE Rare Earths
. Lanthanum is the first element in the rare earth or lanthanide series. It is the model for all the other trivalent rare earths. After cerium, it is the second most abundant of the rare earths. Lanthanum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.Lanthanum-rich lanthanide compositions have been used extensively for cracking reactions in FCC catalysts, especially to manufacture low-octane fuel for heavy crude oil. The name Lanthanum originates from the Greek word Lanthaneia which means 'To lie hidden'. See Lanthanum research below.
Strontium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Strontium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 5s2. In its elemental form strontium's CAS number is 7440-24-6. The strontium atom has a radius of 215.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. The non-radioactive isotopes of Strontium are not toxic. Strontium has low tech applications as an additive to flares and pyrotechnics because of the bright crimson flame
produced by its salts. Strontium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It also has many high technology applications because of its high refractive index as a titanate in glass, as a "getter" in 
electron tubes and as a dopant for numerous perovskite formulations to produce cathodes for oxygen generation or solid oxide fuel cells. Historically the primary use of strontium was to produce CRT glass for color television and computer tubes. Strontium was first discovered by A. Crawford in 1790. Strontium was named after the Scottish town it was discovered in, Strontian. See Strontium research below. 
Manganese is a Block D, Group 7, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Manganese's shells is 2, 8, 13, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s2. In its elemental form manganese's CAS number is 7439-96-5. The manganese atom has a radius of 136.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Manganese in excess is toxic, in particular the inhalation of manganese in powder or dust form. Manganese metal is a key component of aluminum alloys. Manganese oxide is used in dry cell
batteries. Manganese is used in steel production to remove sulfur and oxygen. Manganese is the colorant in natural 
amethyst stones and is used in glass and ceramics to also create the amethyst color. It is used like the element cerium to "decolorize" glass by offsetting the green from impurities of ferric ions. Permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in medicine. It is added as a nutritional supplement for both human and animal consumption. Recently, the oxide in the form of various perovskite structures have demonstrated applications in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cells. Manganese was first discovered by Johann Gahn in 1774. The name Manganese originates from the Latin word mangnes meaning magnet. See Manganese research below.
