American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Magnesium Gadolinium Sputtering Targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Magnesium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Magnesium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Magnesium's shells is 2, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2. In its elemental form magnesium's CAS number is 7439-95-4. The magnesium atom has a radius of 159.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 173.pm. Magnesium the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and because of this is used in alloys that are essential for aerospace, satellite and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Uses also include flares and pyrotechnics due to its pyrophoric properties. Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide, are used mainly as refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron and steel, nonferrous metals, glass, and cement. High purity magnesium is found in dietary supplements. Magnesium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. The name Magnesium originates from a Greek district in Thessaly called Magnesia. See Magnesium research below.Magnesium the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and because of this is used in alloys that are essential for aerospace, satellite and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Uses also include flares and pyrotechnics due to its pyrophoric properties.
Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is very toxic. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Gadolinium was first discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880. The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. See Gadolinium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Structure and Allostery of the PKA RIIß Tetrameric Holoenzyme.
Zhang P, Smith-Nguyen EV, Keshwani MM, Deal MS, Kornev AP, Taylor SS.
Science. 2012 Feb 10;335(6069):712-6.
PMID:
22323819
[PubMed - in process]
Citric acid production from Aspergillus niger MT-4 using hydrolysate extract of the insect Locusta migratoria.
Taskin M, Tasar GE, Incekara U.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22323475
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mg impurity in helium droplets.
Navarro J, Mateo D, Barranco M, Sarsa A.
J Chem Phys. 2012 Feb 7;136(5):054301.
PMID:
22320736
[PubMed - in process]
Homogeneity and stability studies during the preparation of a laboratory reference material of soy leaves for the determination of metals.
dos Santos AM, Lima DC, de Jesus RM, Ferreira SL.
J AOAC Int. 2011 Nov-Dec;94(6):1906-10.
PMID:
22320099
[PubMed - in process]
Dietary calcium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: possible confounding by magnesium.
Dong JY, Qin LQ.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb 8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318650
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.
Kass L, Weekes J, Carpenter L.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb 8. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318649
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Bio-monitoring for uranium using stream-side terrestrial plants and macrophytes.
Caldwell EF, Duff MC, Ferguson CE, Coughlin DP, Hicks RA, Dixon E.
J Environ Monit. 2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22318309
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
[Diagnostic approach to hypocalcaemia and hypercalcaemia].
Janssen MJ, van der Velde RY, Swaanenburg JC, van den Bergh JP.
Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2012;156(6):A3919. Dutch.
PMID:
22316680
[PubMed - in process]
Magnesium sulfate as an adjunct therapy in the management of severe generalized tetanus in a dog.
Simmonds EE, Alwood AJ, Costello MF.
J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2011 Oct;21(5):542-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00674.x. Epub 2011 Sep 14.
PMID:
22316201
[PubMed - in process]
Study of serum electrolytes in pregnancy induced hypertension.
Bera S, Siuli RA, Gupta S, Roy TG, Taraphdar P, Bal R, Ghosh A.
J Indian Med Assoc. 2011 Aug;109(8):546-8.
PMID:
22315860
[PubMed - in process]
Efficacy and safety of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) in the treatment of eclampsia.
Alauddin M, Sarkar MK, Munshi S, Tapan N, Maltrayee SM.
J Indian Med Assoc. 2011 Jul;109(7):485-6, 488.
PMID:
22315841
[PubMed - in process]
Neurotoxicity caused by the treatment with platinum analogues.
Amptoulach S, Tsavaris N.
Chemother Res Pract. 2011;2011:843019. Epub 2011 Jun 27.
PMID:
22312559
[PubMed - in process]
Effects of Taurine-Magnesium Coordination Compound on Ionic Channels in Rat Ventricular Myocytes of Arrhythmia Induced by Ouabain.
Zhao L, Lou J, Wu H, Yin Y, Kang Y.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22311082
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Magnesium sulfate protects fetal skin from intrauterine ischemia reperfusion injury.
Kaptanoglu AF, Arca T, Kilinc K.
Arch Dermatol Res. 2012 Feb 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22310734
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning treated by magnesium sulfate: a randomized, clinical trial.
Emamhadi M, Mostafazadeh B, Hassanijirdehi M.
Drug Chem Toxicol. 2012 Feb 7. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22309432
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Optimization of electrocoagulation process for the simultaneous removal of mercury, lead, and nickel from contaminated water.
Vasudevan S, Lakshmi J, Sozhan G.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Feb 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22307898
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Refeeding syndrome or refeeding hypophosphatemia: a systematic review of cases.
Skipper A.
Nutr Clin Pract. 2012 Feb;27(1):34-40.
PMID:
22307490
[PubMed - in process]
Magnesium, calcium and strontium salts of phenylacetic acid.
Arlin JB, Kennedy AR, Shankland K.
Acta Crystallogr C. 2012 Feb;68(Pt 2):m29-33. Epub 2012 Jan 6.
PMID:
22307244
[PubMed - in process]
Characterization of SfPgdA, a Shigella flexneri peptidoglycan deacetylase required for bacterial persistence within polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
Kaoukab-Raji A, Biskri L, Bernardini ML, Allaoui A.
Microbes Infect. 2012 Jan 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22307019
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Understanding the different activities of highly promiscuous MbtI by computational methods.
Ferrer S, Martí S, Moliner V, Tuñón I, Bertrán J.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Feb 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22307014
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Recent Research & Development for Gadolinium
T(1) assessment of hip joint cartilage following intra-articular
gadolinium injection: A pilot study. Bittersohl B, Hosalkar HS, Kim YJ, Werlen S, Trattnig S, Siebenrock KA,
Mamisch TC. Magn Reson Med. 2010 Oct;64(4):1200-7.
PubMed PMID: 20872764.
The
time window of MRI of murine atherosclerotic plaques after administration of CB2
receptor targeted micelles: inter-scan variability and relation between plaque
signal intensity increase and gadolinium content of inversion recovery prepared
versus non-prepared fast spin echo. Te Boekhorst BC, Bovens SM, van de Kolk CW, Cramer MJ, Doevendans PA, Ten Hove
M, van der Weerd L, Poelmann R, Strijkers GJ, Pasterkamp G, van Echteld CJ. NMR Biomed. 2010 Oct;23(8):939-51. PubMed
PMID: 20878972.
Coordination chemistry of amide-functionalised
tetraazamacrocycles: structural, relaxometric and cytotoxicity studies. Martinelli J, Balali-Mood B, Panizzo R, Lythgoe MF, White AJ, Ferretti P,
Steinke JH, Vilar R. Dalton
Trans. 2010 Sep 28. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20877892.
Gadolinium released from MR contrast
agents is deposited in brain tumors: in situ demonstration using scanning
electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Xia D, Davis RL, Crawford JA, Abraham JL. Acta Radiol. 2010
Sep 26. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20868305.
Midregional
pro-atrial natriuretic peptide: a novel marker of myocardial fibrosis in patients
with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Elmas E, Doesch C, Fluechter S, Freundt M, Weiss C, Lang S, Kälsch T, Haghi D,
Papassotiriou J, Kunde J, Schoenberg SO, Borggrefe M, Papavassiliu T. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010 Sep 26. [Epub
ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20872251.
Translocator Protein PET
Imaging for Glial Activation in Multiple Sclerosis. Oh U, Fujita M, Ikonomidou VN, Evangelou IE, Matsuura E, Harberts E, Ohayon J,
Pike VW, Zhang Y, Zoghbi SS, Innis RB, Jacobson S. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2010
Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20872081.
Influence of small caliber coronary arteries on the diagnostic accuracy of
adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Pilz G, Heer T, Graw M, Ali E, Klos M, Scheck R, Zeymer U, Höfling B. Clin Res Cardiol. 2010 Sep
24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862587.
Reference region-based pharmacokinetic modeling in quantitative dynamic
contract-enhanced MRI allows robust treatment monitoring in a rat liver tumor
model despite cardiovascular changes. Steingoetter A, Svensson J, Kosanke Y, Botnar RM, Schwaiger M, Rummeny E,
Braren R. Magn Reson Med. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of
print] PubMed PMID: 20872863.
Comparison of half-dose and full-dose
gadolinium MR contrast on the enhancement of bone and soft tissue tumors.
Costelloe CM, Murphy WA Jr, Haygood TM, Kumar R, McEnery KW, Stafford RJ, Roy
A, Bassett RL Jr, Harrell RK, Madewell JE. Skeletal Radiol. 2010 Sep 24. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862469.
Gd-EOB-DTPA enhanced MR
imaging: Evaluation of biliary and renal excretion in normal and cirrhotic
livers. Tamada T, Ito K, Sone T, Kanki A, Sato T, Higashi H. Eur J Radiol. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20869827.
Increases
in the number of brain metastases detected at frame-fixed, thin-slice MRI for
gamma knife surgery planning. Nagai A, Shibamoto Y, Mori Y, Hashizume C, Hagiwara M, Kobayashi T. Neuro Oncol. 2010 Sep 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20864500.
BOLD
cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 3.0 tesla in myocardial ischemia. Manka R, Paetsch I, Schnackenburg B, Gebker R, Fleck E, Jahnke C. J
Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010 Sep 22;12(1):54. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20860792.
Revisiting an old friend: manganese-based MRI contrast agents. Pan D, Caruthers SD, Senpan A, Schmieder AH, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Wiley Interdiscip
Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2010 Sep 21. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
20860051.
Childhood cholesteatoma. Nevoux J, Lenoir M, Roger G, Denoyelle F, Ducou Le Pointe H, Garabédian EN.Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2010
Sep;127(4):143-50. Epub 2010 Aug 11. PubMed PMID: 20860924.
Comparison of portal venous and delayed phases of
gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging study of cirrhotic liver for the
detection of contrast washout of hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma. Cereser L, Furlan A, Bagatto D, Girometti R, Como G, Avellini C, Orsaria M,
Zuiani C, Bazzocchi M. J Comput
Assist Tomogr. 2010 Sep-Oct;34(5):706-11. PubMed PMID: 20861773.
Three-dimensional multiphase time-resolved low-dose
contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using TWIST on a 32-channel coil
at 3 T: a quantitative and qualitative comparison of a conventional gadolinium
chelate with a high-relaxivity agent. Giesel FL, Runge V, Kirchin M, Mehndiratta A, Gerigk L, Corell B, von Gall C,
Kauczor HU, Essig M. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010
Sep-Oct;34(5):678-83. PubMed PMID: 20861769.
[Accessory nerve schwannoma
of the intracisternal type: a case report.]. Sadatomo T, Yuki K, Migita K, Hidaka T, Kurisu K. No Shinkei Geka. 2010
Sep;38(9):831-7. Japanese. PubMed PMID: 20864772.
Use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate cardiac
structure, function and fibrosis in children with infantile Pompe disease on
enzyme replacement therapy. Barker PC, Pasquali SK, Darty S, Ing RJ, Li JS, Kim RJ, Dearmey S, Kishnani
PS, Campbell MJ. Mol Genet Metab. 2010 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20875764.
Differential diagnosis and
prognosis of T1-weighted post-gadolinium intralabyrinthine hyperintensities. Dubrulle F, Kohler R, Vincent C, Puech P, Ernst O. Eur
Radiol. 2010 Jun 10. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20862477.
Proud sponsors of Aeromat 2012. Please join us and our customers & co-sponsors Boeing and ATI on
June 18-20, 2012
in Charlotte, North Carolina
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes such as nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and in the form of solutions and organometallics. We also produce Magnesium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request. 
Magnesium is a Block S, Group 2, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Magnesium's shells is 2, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2. In its elemental form magnesium's CAS number is 7439-95-4. The magnesium atom has a radius of 159.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 173.pm. Magnesium the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and because of this is used in alloys that are essential for aerospace, satellite and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an
alloying agent. Uses also include flares and pyrotechnics due to its pyrophoric properties. Magnesium compounds, primarily magnesium oxide, are 
used mainly as refractory material in furnace linings for producing iron and steel, nonferrous metals, glass, and cement. High purity magnesium is found in dietary supplements. Magnesium was first discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808. The name Magnesium originates from a Greek district in Thessaly called Magnesia. See Magnesium research below.Magnesium the eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is one third lighter than aluminum, and because of this is used in alloys that are essential for aerospace, satellite and missile construction. The metal improves the mechanical, fabrication, and welding characteristics of aluminum when used as an alloying agent. Uses also include flares and pyrotechnics due to its pyrophoric properties.
Gadolinium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Gadolinium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2. In its elemental form gadolinium's CAS number is 7440-54-2. The gadolinium atom has a radius of 178.7.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is unknown. Gadolinium is very toxic. Gadolinium is utilized for both its high magnetic moment (7.94µB) and in phosphors and 
scintillator material. When complexed with EDTA ligands, it is used as an injectable contrast agent for patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging. With its high magnetic moment, gadolinium can reduce relaxation times and thereby enhance signal intensity. The extra stable half-full 4f electron shell with no low lying energy levels creates applications as an inert phosphor host. Gadolinium can therefore act as hosts for x-ray cassettes and in scintillator materials for computer tomography. Gadolinium is available as metal and compounds 
with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Gadolinium was first discovered by Jean de Marignac in 1880. The element is named after the Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. See Gadolinium research below.
