Neodymium Sulfate is a moderately water and acid soluble neodymium source for uses compatible with sulfates. Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal. Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble. Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions. Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells. NdSO4 is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Primary applications include lasers, glass coloring and tinting, and dielectrics. We also produce Neodymium(III) Sulfate Hydrate Solution.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Neodymium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Neodymium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f4 6s2. In its elemental form neodymium's CAS number is 7440-00-8. The neodymium atom has a radius of 181.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 181.pm. Neodymium is the most abundant of the rare earths after cerium and lanthanum. Neodymium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Primary applications include lasers, glass coloring and tinting, dielectrics and, most importantly, as the fundamental basis for neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets. Neodymium has a strong absorption band centered at 580 nm, which is very close to the human eye's maximum level of sensitivity making it useful in protective lenses for welding goggles. It is also used in CRT displays to enhance contrast between reds and greens and highly valued in glass manufacturing for its attractive purple coloring. Neodymium is included in many formulations of barium titanate, used as dielectric coatings and in multi-layer capacitors essential to electronic equipment. Neodymium was first discovered by Carl Aer von Welsbach in 1885. The name originates from the Greek words 'neos didymos', meaning new twin. See Neodymium research below.
Sulfur is a Block P, Group 16, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Sulfur's shells is 2, 8, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ne]3s2 3p4. In its elemental form sulfur's CAS number is 7704-34-9. The sulfur atom has a radius of 100pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180pm. Sulfur is a crucial element for all life and serves as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. In nature, sulfur can be found in hot springs, meteorites, volcanoes, and as galena, gypsum, Epsom salts, and barite. Sulfur, when organically bonded, is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids methionine and cysteine. In organic form, Sulfur is present in the vitamins thiamine and biotin. Sulfur is also a vital part of many enzymes and also in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.Sulfur is available as compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity). Sulfur has been known since ancient times but was not accepted as an element until 1777. Antoine Lavoisier helped to convince the scientific commuity that sulfus is an element and not a compound. See Sulfur researchbelow.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Chain-like and dinuclear coordination polymers in lanthanide (Nd, Eu) oxochloride complexes with 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine: synthesis, XRD structure and magnetic properties.
Lhoste J, Pérez-Campos A, Henry N, Loiseau T, Rabu P, Abraham F.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21818485
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Influence of Crystallization State and Microstructure on the Chemical Durability of Cerium-Neodymium Mixed Oxides.
Claparede L, Clavier N, Dacheux N, Moisy P, Podor R, Ravaux J.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21809825
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Determination of some heavy metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry before coprecipitation with neodymium hydroxide.
Soylak M, Kizil N.
J AOAC Int. 2011 May-Jun;94(3):978-84.
PMID:
21797027
[PubMed - in process]
Laser-Assisted Facial Contouring Using a Thermally Confined 1444-nm Nd-YAG Laser: A New Paradigm for Facial Sculpting and Rejuvenation.
Holcomb JD, Turk J, Baek SJ, Rousso DE.
Facial Plast Surg. 2011 Aug;27(4):315-30. Epub 2011 Jul 26.
PMID:
21792776
[PubMed - in process]
Evaluation of mineral content of dentin treated with desensitizing agents and neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser.
Malkoç MA, Sevimay M.
Lasers Med Sci. 2011 Jul 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21789631
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effects of lanthanum, cerium, and neodymium on the nuclei and mitochondria of hepatocytes: Accumulation and oxidative damage.
Huang P, Li J, Zhang S, Chen C, Han Y, Liu N, Xiao Y, Wang H, Zhang M, Yu Q, Liu Y, Wang W.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2011 Jan;31(1):25-32. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
PMID:
21787666
[PubMed - in process]
Follow-up of angle closure glaucoma suspects after laser iridotomy in Caucasians with normal intraocular pressure at diagnosis.
Pierre B, Laurence J, Pierre-Christophe T.
Can J Ophthalmol. 2011 Jun;46(3):247-53. Epub 2011 May 27.
PMID:
21784210
[PubMed - in process]
Highly efficient extraction of phenolic compounds by use of magnetic room temperature ionic liquids for environmental remediation.
Deng N, Li M, Zhao L, Lu C, de Rooy SL, Warner IM.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jun 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21783320
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Primary leiomyoma of the trachea, bronchus, and pulmonary parenchyma - a single-institutional experience.
Park JS, Lee M, Kim HK, Choi YS, Kim K, Kim J, Kim H, Shim YM.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011 Jul 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21767960
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Morphological changes in human skin melanoma treated by high-energy pulsed neodymium laser radiation.
Moskalik KG, Alexeeva LN, Novik VI, Demin EV, Kozlov AP.
J BUON. 2011 Apr-Jun;16(2):341-4.
PMID:
21766508
[PubMed - in process]
Stabilization of neodymium oxide nanoparticles via soft polymer adsorption.
Dorris AC, Sicard C, Chen M, McDonald A, Barrett CJ.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2011 Jul 15. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21761884
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Aqua-trinitrato[2,4,6-tris-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine]neodymium(III) dihydrate.
Zhou J, Lu GX, Zhang YG, Wei DY.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jun 1;67(Pt 6):m699. Epub 2011 May 7.
PMID:
21754603
[PubMed]
Tetra-kis(µ-4-tert-butyl-benzoato)-?O:O';?O,O':O';?O:O,O'-bis-[aqua-(4-tert-butyl-benzoato-?O,O')(4-tert-butyl-benzoic acid-?O)neodymium(III)].
Yang J, Dai J.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jun 1;67(Pt 6):m666-7. Epub 2011 May 7.
PMID:
21754578
[PubMed]
Neodymium(III) molybdenum(VI) borate, NdBO(2)MoO(4).
Held P, van der Wolf B, Bohatý L, Becker P.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Jun 1;67(Pt 6):i36. Epub 2011 May 20.
PMID:
21754565
[PubMed]
Tetra-kis(µ-3-aza-niumylbenzoato)-?O:O,O';?O,O':O;?O:O'-bis-[tetra-aqua-neodymium(III)] hexa-chloride tetra-hydrate.
Benslimane M, Merazig H, Daran JC.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 May 1;67(Pt 5):m584-5. Epub 2011 Apr 13.
PMID:
21754308
[PubMed]
Technologic advances in endodontics.
Mortman RE.
Dent Clin North Am. 2011 Jul;55(3):461-80.
PMID:
21726684
[PubMed - in process]
Upgraded multipulse laser and multipoint Thomson scattering diagnostics on EAST.
Zang Q, Zhao J, Yang L, Hu Q, Xi X, Dai X, Yang J, Han X, Li M, Hsieh CL.
Rev Sci Instrum. 2011 Jun;82(6):063502.
PMID:
21721686
[PubMed - in process]
Synthesis of magnetic nanofibers using femtosecond laser material processing in air.
Alubaidy MA, Venkatakrishnan K, Tan B.
Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011 May 6;6(1):375.
PMID:
21711890
[PubMed - in process]
Long-Pulse Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser Treatment Improves Amiodarone-Induced Hyperpigmentation.
Bagheri S, Eisen D.
Dermatol Surg. 2011 Jun 24. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02083.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21707831
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Successful Treatment of Recurrent Digital Mucoid Cysts Using a 1,444-nm Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser.
Kim JH, Park JH, Jee H, Oh SH.
Dermatol Surg. 2011 Jun 24. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02085.x. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21707830
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Self-assembly of a sulphur-terminated graphene nanoribbon within a single-walled carbon nanotube.
Chuvilin A, Bichoutskaia E, Gimenez-Lopez MC, Chamberlain TW, Rance GA, Kuganathan N, Biskupek J, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN.
Nat Mater. 2011 Aug 7. doi: 10.1038/nmat3082. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21822259
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the yeast tRNA-thiouridine modification protein 1 (Tum1p).
Qiu R, Wang F, Liu M, Yang Z, Wu T, Ji C.
Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 2011 Aug 1;67(Pt 8):953-5. Epub 2011 Jul 27.
PMID:
21821903
[PubMed - in process]
Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis L-isoleucine dioxygenase toward the production of useful amino acids.
Hibi M, Kawashima T, Kodera T, Smirnov SV, Sokolov PM, Sugiyama M, Shimizu S, Yokozeki K, Ogawa J.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821743
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Characterization of the sulfurtransferase family from Oryza sativa L.
Guretzki S, Papenbrock J.
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2011 Jul 23. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821426
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Development of a small-scale bioreactor method to monitor the molecular diversity and environmental impacts of bacterial biofilm communities from an acid mine drainage impacted creek.
Cole M, Wrubel J, Henegan P, Janzen C, Holt J, Tobin T.
J Microbiol Methods. 2011 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21821067
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
In situ incorporation of nickel nanoparticles into the mesopores of MCM-41 by manipulation of solvent-solute interaction and its activity toward adsorptive desulfurization of gas oil.
Samadi-Maybodi A, Teymouri M, Vahid A, Miranbeigi A.
J Hazard Mater. 2011 Jul 6. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820806
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase is an essential enzyme for the parasitic protist Trypanosoma brucei.
Alloatti A, Gupta S, Gualdrón-López M, Nguewa PA, Altabe SG, Deumer G, Wallemacq P, Michels PA, Uttaro AD.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Jul 28. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21820408
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The use of multi-element stable isotope analysis to monitor the origin of chondroitin sulfates.
Thomas F, Jamin E, Shimoo K, Nagao J, Osaki Y, Granier C.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Sep 15;25(17):2533-7. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5159.
PMID:
21818814
[PubMed - in process]
Sulphur isotopes in animal hair track distance to sea.
Zazzo A, Monahan FJ, Moloney AP, Green S, Schmidt O.
Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2011 Sep 15;25(17):2371-8. doi: 10.1002/rcm.5131.
PMID:
21818798
[PubMed - in process]
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence of Aromatic Behavior in Heterobenzene-Like Molecules with Metal-Metal Multiple Bonds.
Fang W, He Q, Tan ZF, Liu CY, Lu X, Murillo CA.
Chemistry. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1002/chem.201003693. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21818792
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Rhodovulum phaeolacus sp. nov. a phototrophic alphaproteobacterium isolated from a brown pond.
Venkata Naga Satya Lakshmi K, Sasikala C, Venkata Ramana V, Veera Venkata Ramaprasad E, Venkata Ramana C.
J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2011;57(3):145-51.
PMID:
21817826
[PubMed - in process]
Comparative data on effects of leading pretreatments and enzyme loadings and formulations on sugar yields from different switchgrass sources.
Wyman CE, Balan V, Dale BE, Elander RT, Falls M, Hames B, Holtzapple MT, Ladisch MR, Lee YY, Mosier N, Pallapolu VR, Shi J, Thomas SR, Warner RE.
Bioresour Technol. 2011 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816612
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Target loads of atmospheric sulfur deposition for the protection and recovery of acid-sensitive streams in the Southern Blue Ridge Province.
Sullivan TJ, Cosby BJ, Jackson WA.
J Environ Manage. 2011 Aug 2. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816535
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Differential effects of a post-anthesis fertilizer regimen on the wheat flour proteome determined by quantitative 2-DE.
Altenbach SB, Tanaka CK, Hurkman WJ, Whitehand LC, Vensel WH, Dupont FM.
Proteome Sci. 2011 Aug 4;9(1):46. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21816081
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Comparative toxicity of arsenic metabolites in human bladder cancer EJ-1 cells.
Naranmandura H, Michael CW, Xu S, Lee J, Leslie E, Weinfeld M, Le XC.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21815631
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The Effects of Different Garlic-derived Allyl Sulfides on Peroxidative Processes and Anaerobic Sulfur Metabolism in Mouse Liver.
Iciek MB, Kowalczyk-Pachel D, Kwiecien I, Dudek MB.
Phytother Res. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3572. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21815229
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A combined model of hepatic polyamine and sulfur amino acid metabolism to analyze S-adenosyl methionine availability.
Reyes-Palomares A, Montañez R, Sánchez-Jiménez F, Medina MA.
Amino Acids. 2011 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21814788
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Microbial gene functions enriched in the Deepwater Horizon deep-sea oil plume.
Lu Z, Deng Y, Van Nostrand JD, He Z, Voordeckers J, Zhou A, Lee YJ, Mason OU, Dubinsky EA, Chavarria KL, Tom LM, Fortney JL, Lamendella R, Jansson JK, D'haeseleer P, Hazen TC, Zhou J.
ISME J. 2011 Aug 4. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.91. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21814288
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
1,1'-(3-Methyl-4-phenylthieno[2,3-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl)diethanone as a Building Block in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Novel Synthesis of Some Pyrazole and Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Mabkhot YN, Al-Majid AM, Barakat A, Alshahrani S, Siddiqui Y.
Molecules. 2011 Aug 3;16(8):6502-11.
PMID:
21814162
[PubMed - in process]
Towards the Growth of an Aligned Single-Layer MoS2 Film.
Kim D, Sun D, Lu W, Cheng Z, Zhu Y, Le D, Rahman TS, Bartels L.
Langmuir. 2011 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21812475
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment
R 36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
4 First aid measures
After inhalation
Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Consult doctor if symptoms persist.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After skin contact
Instantly wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly.
Seek immediate medical advice.
After eye contact
Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult doctor.
After swallowing Seek immediate medical advice.
5 Fire fighting measures
Suitable extinguishing agents
CO2, extinguishing powder or water jet. Fight larger fires with water jet or alcohol-resistant foam.
Special hazards caused by the material, its products of combustion or flue gases:
Can be released in case of fire:
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
Metal oxide
Protective equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
Wear full protective suit.
Measures for environmental protection:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Measures for cleaning/collecting: Ensure adequate ventilation.
Additional information:
See Section 7 for information on safe handling
See section 8 for information on personal protection equipment.
See Section 13 for information on disposal.
7 Handling and storage
Handling
Information for safe handling:
Keep containers tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers.
Ensure good ventilation/exhaustion at the workplace.
Information about protection against explosions and fires:
No special measures required.
Storage
Requirements to be met by storerooms and containers:
No special requirements.
Information about storage in one common storage facility:
Store away from water.
Do not store together with acids.
Further information about storage conditions:
This product is hygroscopic.
Protect from humidity and keep away from water.
Keep container tightly sealed.
Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
Additional information about design of technical systems:
Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute.
Components with critical values that require monitoring at the workplace:
Not required.
Additional information: No data
Personal protective equipment
General protective and hygienic measures
The usual precautionary measures should be adhered to in handling the chemicals.
Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and food.
Instantly remove any soiled and impregnated garments.
Wash hands during breaks and at the end of the work.
Avoid contact with the eyes and skin.
Breathing equipment: Use breathing protection with high concentrations.
Protection of hands: Impervious gloves
Eye protection:
Safety glasses
Face protection
Body protection: Protective work clothing.
9 Physical and chemical properties:
General Information
Form: Crystalline
Colour: Pink
Smell: Odourless
Value/Range Unit Method
Change in condition
Melting point/Melting range: 1176 ° C
Boiling point/Boiling range: Not determined
Sublimation temperature / start: Not determined
Flash point: Not applicable
Ignition temperature: Not determined
Decomposition temperature: Not determined
Danger of explosion: Product is not explosive.
Critical values for explosion:
Lower: Not determined
Upper: Not determined
Steam pressure: Not determined
Density at 20 ° C 2.85 g/cm³
Solubility in / Miscibility with
Water: at 20 ° C 80 g/l
10 Stability and reactivity
Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided:
No decomposition if used and stored according to specifications.
Materials to be avoided:
Water/moisture
Acids
Dangerous reactions: No dangerous reactions known
Dangerous products of decomposition:
Sulphur oxides (SOx)
Metal oxide
11 Toxicological information
Acute toxicity:
Primary irritant effect:
on the skin: Irritant for skin and mucous membranes.
on the eye: Irritant effect.
Sensitization: No sensitizing effect known.
Additional toxicological information:
To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known.
No classification data on carcinogenic properties of this material is available from the EPA, IARC, NTP, OSHA or ACGIH.
12 Ecological information:
General notes:
Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits.
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
Do not allow undiluted product or large quantities of it to reach ground water, water bodies or sewage system.
13 Disposal considerations
Product:
Recommendation
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal.
Hand over to disposers of hazardous waste.
Must be specially treated under adherence to official regulations.
Uncleaned packagings:
Recommendation:
Disposal must be made according to official regulations.
Recommended cleaning agent: Water, if necessary with cleaning agent.
14 Transport information
Land transport ADR/RID and GGVS/GGVE (cross-border/domestic)
ADR/RID-GGVS/E Class: None
Maritime transport IMDG/GGVSea:
IMDG/GGVSea Class: None
Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR:
ICAO/IATA Class: None
Transport/Additional information:
Not dangerous according to the above specifications.
15 Regulatory information
Designation according to EC guidelines:
Code letter and hazard designation of product: Xi Irritant
Risk phrases:
36/37/38 Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Safety phrases:
26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
National regulations
Information about limitation of use:
For use only by technically qualified individuals.
Employment restrictions concerning young persons must be observed.
Water hazard class:
Water hazard class 1 (Self-assessment): slightly hazardous for water.
16 Other information:
Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees. This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user.
Neodymium Sulfate is a moderately water and acid soluble neodymium source for uses compatible with sulfates. Sulfate compounds are salts or esters of sulfuric acid formed by replacing one or both of the hydrogens with a metal. Most metal sulfate compounds are readily soluble in water for uses such as water treatment, unlike fluorides and oxides which tend to be insoluble. Organometallic forms are soluble in organic solutions and sometimes in both aqueous and organic solutions. Metallic ions can also be dispersed utilizing suspended or coated nanoparticles (See also application discussion at Nanotechnology Information and at Quantum Dots) and deposited utilizing sputtering targets and evaporation materials for uses such as solar energy materials and fuel cells. NdSO4 is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. Primary applications include lasers, glass coloring and tinting, and dielectrics. We also produce Neodymium(III) Sulfate Hydrate Solution.American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia)and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Neodymium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Neodymium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f4 6s2. In its elemental form neodymium's CAS number is 7440-00-8. The neodymium atom has a radius of 181.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 181.pm. Neodymium is the most abundant of the rare earths after cerium and lanthanum. Neodymium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds
as submicron and nanopowder. Primary
applications include lasers, glass coloring and tinting, dielectrics and, most importantly, as the fundamental basis for neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets. Neodymium has a strong absorption band centered at 580 nm, which is very close to the human eye's maximum level of sensitivity making it useful in protective lenses for welding goggles. It is also used in CRT displays to enhance contrast between reds and greens and highly valued in glass manufacturing for its attractive purple coloring. Neodymium is included in many formulations of barium titanate, used as dielectric coatings and in multi-layer capacitors essential to electronic equipment. Neodymium was first discovered by Carl Aer von Welsbach in 1885. The name originates from the Greek words 'neos didymos', meaning new twin. See Neodymium research below.
Sulfur is a Block P, Group 16, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Sulfur's shells is 2, 8, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ne]3s2 3p4. In its elemental form sulfur's CAS number is 7704-34-9. The sulfur atom has a radius of 100pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180pm. Sulfur is a crucial element for all life and serves as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms. In nature, sulfur can be found in hot springs, meteorites, volcanoes, and as galena, gypsum, Epsom salts, and barite. Sulfur, when organically bonded, is a component of all proteins, as the amino acids methionine 
and cysteine. In organic form, Sulfur is present in the vitamins thiamine and biotin. Sulfur is also a vital part of many enzymes and also in antioxidant molecules like glutathione and thioredoxin.Sulfur is available as compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity). Sulfur has been known since ancient times but was not accepted as an element until 1777. Antoine Lavoisier helped to convince the scientific commuity that sulfus is an element and not a compound. See Sulfur researchbelow.
