Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Nickel belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals. Nickel is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. Most recently, its conductive properties have made it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose.
Nickel facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Nickel is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Nickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d8 4s2. In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas.
 All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Nickel compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.
The bulk of mined nickel comes from laterite and magmatic sulfide ores. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751.
The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore.
 Nickel |
 Nickel |
 Nichel |
 Níquel |
 Niquel |
 Nickel |
Nickel Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of nickel and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Ni-58 |
57.935 |
68.08 |
| Ni-60 |
59.931 |
26.22 |
| Ni-61 |
60.931 |
1.14 |
| Ni-62 |
61.928 |
3.63 |
| Ni-64 |
63.978 |
0.93 |
The following table shows the abundance of Nickel present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
| |
Typical Human Body |
Universe |
| by Weight |
100 ppb |
60000 ppb |
| by Atom |
11 ppb |
1000 ppb |
Nickel Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for nickel metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Nickel compounds have significant biological role in chicks and rats, and in plant ureases. Nickel is also found in hydrogenases enzymes in bacteria.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for nickel (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
737.13 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1753.04 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
3395.34 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to nickel's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 6.84 µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.91. The thermal conductivity of nickel is 90.7 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties of Nickel. The melting point and boiling point for nickel are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
17.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
374.8 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
427.659 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Nickel
- Allergy to orthopedic metal implants - prospective study.
Krecisz B, Kiec-Swierczynska M, Chomiczewska-Skóra D.
Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2012 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23212287
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Impact of sewage sludge spreading on nickel mobility in a calcareous soil: adsorption-desorption through column experiments.
Mamindy-Pajany Y, Sayen S, Guillon E.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Dec 5. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23212269
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
-
Heavy metals concentrations in fish and shellfish from eastern Mediterranean Sea: consumption advisories.
Copat C, Arena G, Fiore M, Ledda C, Fallico R, Sciacca S, Ferrante M.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Dec 1. doi:pii: S0278-6915(12)00845-9. 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.038. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23211443
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
-
Effect of denture cleansers on metal ion release and surface roughness of denture base materials.
Davi LR, Felipucci DN, de Souza RF, Bezzon OL, Lovato-Silva CH, Pagnano VO, Paranhos Hde F.
Braz Dent J. 2012;23(4):387-93.
PMID:
23207854
[PubMed - in process]
Free Article
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Electrochemistry of nickel nanoparticles is controlled by surface oxide layers.
Zhou YG, Rees NV, Compton RG.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Dec 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23207499
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
-
Editorial comment.
Nickel JC.
Urology. 2012 Dec;80(6):1231-2. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.06.061. No abstract available.
PMID:
23206766
[PubMed - in process]
-
Efficient Electrochromic Devices Made from 3D Nanotubular Gyroid Networks.
Scherer M, Steiner U.
Nano Lett. 2012 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23205700
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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In silico description of cobalt and nickel assimilation systems in the genomes of methanogens.
Chellapandi P.
Syst Synth Biol. 2011 Dec;5(3-4):105-14. doi: 10.1007/s11693-011-9087-2. Epub 2011 Oct 15.
PMID:
23205154
[PubMed - in process]
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Enhanced effector function of CD8 T cells from healthy controls and HIV infected patients occurs through thrombin activation of the Protease-activated receptor-1.
Hurley A, Smith M, Karpova T, Hasley RB, Belkina N, Shaw S, Balenga N, Druey KM, Nickel E, Packard B, Imamichi H, Hu Z, Follmann D, McNally J, Higgins J, Sneller M, Lane HC, Catalfamo M.
J Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 29. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23204166
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
-
Assessing Mercury Exposure and Biomarkers in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus Salmoides) from a Contaminated River System in California.
Gehringer DB, Finkelstein ME, Coale KH, Stephenson M, Geller JB.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23203584
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Trinuclear nickel-lanthanide compounds.
Bhunia A, Yadav M, Lan Y, Powell AK, Menges F, Riehn C, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Jana PP, Riedel R, Harms K, Dehnen S, Roesky PW.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Nov 30. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23203211
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Neutral bis-macrocyclic nickel(ii) and copper(ii) complexes as p-donor receptors.
Mames I, Wawrzyniak UE, Wozny M, Bilewicz R, Korybut-Daszkiewicz B.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23202540
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Potentiometric Zinc Ion Sensor Based on Honeycomb-Like NiO Nanostructures.
Abbasi MA, Ibupoto ZH, Hussain M, Khan Y, Khan A, Nur O, Willander M.
Sensors (Basel). 2012 Nov 9;12(11):15424-37. doi: 10.3390/s121115424.
PMID:
23202217
[PubMed - in process]
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Nonlinear magnetoelectric response of planar ferromagnetic-piezoelectric structures to sub-millisecond magnetic pulses.
Kreitmeier F, Chashin DV, Fetisov YK, Fetisov LY, Schulz I, Monkman GJ, Shamonin M.
Sensors (Basel). 2012 Nov 2;12(11):14821-37. doi: 10.3390/s121114821.
PMID:
23202188
[PubMed - in process]
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Graphene ultrathin film electrode for detection of lead ions in acetate buffer solution.
Wang Z, Liu E.
Talanta. 2013 Jan 15;103:47-55. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.005. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
PMID:
23200357
[PubMed - in process]
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Determination of lead in milk and yoghurt samples by solid phase extraction using a novel aminothioazole-polymeric resin.
Er C, Filiz Senkal B, Yaman M.
Food Chem. 2013 Apr 15;137(1-4):55-61. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.013. Epub 2012 Oct 17.
PMID:
23199990
[PubMed - in process]
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Moving Nanostructures: Pulse Induced Positioning of Supramolecular Assemblies.
Nickel A, Ohmann R, Meyer J, Grisolia M, Joachim C, Moresco F, Cuniberti G.
ACS Nano. 2012 Dec 1. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23199300
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
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Daintain/AIF-1 (allograft inflammatory factor-1) promotes erythrocyte lysis and heme release probably via binding to hemoglobin.
Zhao YY, Wang W, Yan DJ, Chen ZW.
Z Naturforsch C. 2012 Sep-Oct;67(9-10):525-8.
PMID:
23198410
[PubMed - in process]
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Effect of nickel chloride on cell proliferation.
D'Antò V, Valletta R, Amato M, Schweikl H, Simeone M, Paduano S, Rengo S, Spagnuolo G.
Open Dent J. 2012;6:177-81. doi: 10.2174/1874210601206010177. Epub 2012 Nov 16.
PMID:
23198004
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
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Relation of Nickel Allergy with in-Stent Restenosis in Patients Treated with Cobalt Chromium Stents.
Aliagaoglu C, Turan H, Erden I, Albayrak H, Ozhan H, Basar C, Gürlevik Z, Alçelik A.
Ann Dermatol. 2012 Nov;24(4):426-9. doi: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.4.426. Epub 2012 Nov 8.
PMID:
23197908
[PubMed - in process]
Free PMC Article
|
| Formula |
Atomic Number |
Molecular Weight |
Electronegativity (Pauling) |
Density |
Melting Point |
Boiling Point |
Vanderwaals radius |
Ionic radius |
Energy of first ionization |
| Ni |
28 |
58.71 g.mol -1 |
1.8 |
8.9 g.cm-3 at 20 °C |
1453 °C |
2913 °C |
0.124 nm |
0.069 nm (+2) ; 0.06 nm (+3) |
735 kJ.mol-1 |
|
