Nickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d8 4s2. In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. It is extensively alloyed with iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and other metals produce stainless and other anti-corrosive steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. Most recently, its conductive properties have made it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose. Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751. The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore. See Nickel research below.
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Boron is a Block P, Group 13, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Boron's shells is 2, 3 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p1. In its elemental form boron's CAS number is 7440-42-8. The boron atom has a radius of 79.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Boron is not toxic. Boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. Optical characteristics include transmitting portions of the infrared. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature but a good conductor at high temperature. Boron in its elemental form is not toxic. Amorphous boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. The isotope Boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. Boron also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. Boron was first discovered by Sir Humphry Davy and J.L Gay-Lussac in 1808. The name Boron originates from a combination of carbon and the Arabic word 'buraqu meaning borax. See Boron research below.
Regioselective Cycloaddition of 3-Azetidinones and 3-Oxetanones with Alkynes through Nickel-Catalysed Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation.
Y T Ho K, Aïssa C.
Chemistry. 2012 Feb 22. doi: 10.1002/chem.201200167. [Epub ahead of print]
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The hydrogen evolution reaction in a room temperature ionic liquid: mechanism and electrocatalyst trends.
Meng Y, Aldous L, Belding SR, Compton RG.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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22358388
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A cytosolic Ni(II) sensor in a cyanobacterium: Nickel-detection follows nickel-affinity across four families of metal-sensors.
Foster AW, Patterson CJ, Pernil R, Hess CR, Robinson NJ.
J Biol Chem. 2012 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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22356910
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Incorporation of metal and color alteration of enamel in the presence of orthodontic appliances.
Gurgel Maia LH, de Lima Filho HL, Araújo MV, de Oliveira Ruellas AC, de Souza Araújo MT.
Angle Orthod. 2012 Feb 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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22356704
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Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Thiaethyneporphyrins. Intramolecular Metal(II)-?(2)-CC Interaction inside a Porphyrinoid Frame.
Nojman E, Berlicka A, Szterenberg L, Latos-Grazynski L.
Inorg Chem. 2012 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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22356285
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General preparation for Pt-based alloy nanoporous nanoparticles as potential nanocatalysts.
Wang D, Zhao P, Li Y.
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Pentacoordinate Ni(II) Complexes: Preparation, Magnetic Measurements, and Ab Initio Calculations of the Magnetic Anisotropy Terms.
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[Measurement of carbon dioxide in emergency medicine].
Timmermann A, Brokmann JC, Fitzka R, Nickel EA.
Anaesthesist. 2012 Feb;61(2):148-55. German.
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Nickel W, Hanns S, Brähler E, Born A.
Gesundheitswesen. 2012 Feb 21. [Epub ahead of print] German.
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Community-based partnered research: new directions in mental health services research.
Alegría M, Wong Y, Mulvaney-Day N, Nillni A, Proctor E, Nickel M, Jones L, Green B, Koegel P, Wright A, Wells KB.
Ethn Dis. 2011 Summer;21(3 Suppl 1):S1-8-16.
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Isolation and characterization of Bacillus cereus IST105 from electroplating effluent for detoxification of hexavalent chromium.
Naik UC, Srivastava S, Thakur IS.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2012 Feb 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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22351260
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Production of a his-tagged canecystatin in transgenic sugarcane.
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Environ Monit Assess. 2012 Feb 21. [Epub ahead of print]
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22350445
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Dakin-West reaction on 1-thyminyl acetic acid for the synthesis of 1,3-bis(1-thyminyl)-2-propanone, a heteroaromatic compound with nucleopeptide-binding properties.
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Amino Acids. 2012 Feb 15. [Epub ahead of print]
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The chain structure of [Ni(C(4)H(2)O(4))(C(12)H(8)N(2))(H(2)O)](n) with different types of fumarate bridging.
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Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m92-3. Epub 2012 Jan 7.
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trans-Tetra-aqua-bis-(isonicotinamide-?N)nickel(II) bis-(3-hy-droxy-benzoate) tetra-hydrate.
Zaman IG, Caylak Delibas N, Necefoglu H, Hökelek T.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m200-1. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
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{4,4',6,6'-Tetra-chloro-2,2'-[2,2-dimethyl-propane-1,3-diylbis(nitrilo-methanylyl-idene)]}nickel(II).
Kargar H, Kia R, Abbasian S, Tahir MN.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m193. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
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trans-Tetra-kis(1-allyl-1H-imidazole-?N)bis-(thio-cyanato-?N)nickel(II).
Zheng SM, Jin YL.
Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m188-9. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
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Poly[aqua-[?(3)-4-carb-oxy-2-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxyl-ato-?N,O:N,O:N]nickel(II)].
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Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2012 Feb 1;68(Pt 2):m187. Epub 2012 Jan 21.
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trans-Tetra-carbonyl-bis-[tris-(3-fluoro-phen-yl)phosphane]chromium(0).
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Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online. 2011 Dec 1;67(Pt 12):m1652-m1653. Epub 2011 Nov 2.
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Preparation and characterization of La(III) encapsulated silica gel/chitosan composite and its metal uptake studies.
Gandhi MR, Meenakshi S.
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Electro-migration of heavy metals in an aged electroplating contaminated soil affected by the coexisting hexavalent chromium.
Zhang W, Zhuang L, Tong L, Lo IM, Qiu R.
Chemosphere. 2011 Dec 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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Angular momentum conservation in dipolar energy transfer.
Guo D, Knight TE, McCusker JK.
Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1684-7.
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Selected Trace Elements in the Sacramento River, California: Occurrence and Distribution.
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Chromium and genomic stability.
Wise SS, Wise JP Sr.
Mutat Res. 2011 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
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A Theoretical Evaluation of Ethylene Insertion into Chromium Alkyl Bonds of Cp-Donor based Olefin Polymerization Catalysts.
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Bioresour Technol. 2011 Dec 3. [Epub ahead of print]
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Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant and Toxic-Metal Tolerant Enterococci in Fresh Feces from Urban Pigeons in Brazil.
da Silva VL, Caçador NC, da Silva CD, Fontes CO, Garcia GD, Nicoli JR, Diniz CG.
Microbes Environ. 2011 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]
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Acta Orthop Belg. 2011 Oct;77(5):691-5.
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Retention Strength of Cobalt-Chromium vs Nickel-Chromium Titanium vs CP Titanium in a Cast Framework Association of Removable Partial Overdenture.
Souza JE, Silva NR, Coelho PG, Zavanelli AC, Ferracioli RC, Zavanelli RA.
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Metal analysis, phytotoxic, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities of selected medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
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Correlation between metal allergy and treatment outcomes after ankle fracture fixation.
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J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2011 Dec;19(3):309-13.
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Enhancement of the acute phase response to a lipopolysaccharide challenge in steers supplemented with chromium.
Burdick NC, Bernhard BC, Carroll JA, Rathmann RJ, Johnson BJ.
Innate Immun. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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Identification and hexavalent chromium reduction characteristics of Pannonibacter phragmitetus.
Shi Y, Chai L, Yang Z, Jing Q, Chen R, Chen Y.
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Exposure to particulate hexavalent chromium exacerbates allergic asthma pathology.
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Circulating levels of metals are related to carotid atherosclerosis in elderly.
Lind PM, Olsén L, Lind L.
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Highly active nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)-Fe(3)O(4) nanocomposites for the removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solutions.
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Airborne concentrations of metals and total dust during solid catalyst loading and unloading operations at a petroleum refinery.
Lewis RC, Gaffney SH, Le MH, Unice KM, Paustenbach DJ.
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Simultaneous Synthesis of Both Rings of Chromenes via a Benzannulation/o-Quinone Methide Formation/Electrocyclization Cascade.
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J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
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Photoluminescence, white light emitting properties and related aspects of ZnO
nanoparticles admixed with graphene and GaN. Kumar P, Panchakarla LS, Venkataprasad Bhat S, Maitra U, Subrahmanyam KS, Rao
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separation of boron from Na- and Ca-rich matrices by sublimation for stable
isotope measurement by MC-ICP-MS. Wang BS, You CF, Huang KF, Wu SF, Aggarwal SK, Chung CH, Lin PY. Talanta. 2010 Sep 15;82(4):1378-1384. Epub 2010
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Synthesis and Reactivity of Boron-, Silicon-, and
Tin-Bridged ansa-Cyclopentadienyl-Cycloheptatrienyl Titanium Complexes
(Troticenophanes). Braunschweig H, Fuß M, Mohapatra SK, Kraft K, Kupfer T, Lang M, Radacki K,
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Cloning and
characterization of a zebrafish homologue of human AQP1: A bifunctional water and
gas channel. Chen LM, Zhao J, Musa-Aziz R, Pelletier MF, Drummond IA, Boron WF. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Aug 25. [Epub ahead of
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Mechanisms of Boron
Tolerance and Accumulation in Plants: A Physiological Comparison of the Extremely
Boron-Tolerant Plant Species, Puccinellia distans, with the Moderately
Boron-Tolerant Gypsophila arrostil. Stiles AR, Bautista D, Atalay E, Babaog?lu M, Terry N. Environ Sci Technol. 2010 Aug 25. [Epub ahead
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Incorporation of Boron,
Aluminum, and Gallium Derivatives into
[{Ti(eta(5)-C(5)Me(5))(mu-O)}(3)(mu(3)-CR)] (R = H, Me). Herna´n-Go´mez A, Marti´n A, Mena M, Santamari´a C. Inorg Chem. 2010 Aug 25.
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Spectroscopic and
Modeling Investigations of the Gas Phase Chemistry and Composition in Microwave
Plasma Activated B(2)H(6)/CH(4)/Ar/H(2) Mixtures. Ma J, Richley JC, Davies DR, Ashfold MN, Mankelevich YA. J Phys Chem A. 2010 Aug 25.
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Syntheses of Tubulysins. Shibue T, Hirai T, Okamoto I, Morita N, Masu H, Azumaya I, Tamura O. Chemistry. 2010 Aug 23. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
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Structure and Bonding of gamma-B(28): Is
the High Pressure Form of Elemental Boron Ionic? Ha¨ussermann U, Mikhaylushkin AS. Inorg Chem. 2010 Aug 23. [Epub
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Boron nitride substrates for high-quality
graphene electronics. Dean CR, Young AF, Meric I, Lee C, Wang L, Sorgenfrei S, Watanabe K,
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Synthesis and
formation mechanism of hydrogenated boron clusters B(12)H(n) with controlled
hydrogen content. Ohishi Y, Kimura K, Yamaguchi M, Uchida N, Kanayama T. J Chem Phys. 2010 Aug 21;133(7):074305. PubMed PMID: 20726640.
Tensile Tests on Individual Multi-Walled
Boron Nitride Nanotubes. Wei X, Wang MS, Bando Y, Golberg D. Adv Mater. 2010 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
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Two
Concise Total Syntheses of (-)-Bitungolide F. Elmarrouni A, Joolakanti SR, Colon A, Heras M, Arseniyadis S, Cossy J. Org Lett. 2010 Aug 20. [Epub ahead
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Cell Adhesion Properties on Chemically
Micropatterned Boron-Doped Diamond Surfaces. Marcon L, Spriet C, Coffinier Y, Galopin E, Rosnoblet C, Szunerits S, He´liot
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Probing the active-site requirements
of human intestinal N-terminal maltase glucoamylase: The effect of replacing the
sulfate moiety by a methyl ether in ponkoranol, a naturally occurring
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Porosity calculations using a C/O logging tool with boron-lined
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Novel
macrocyclic HCV NS3 protease inhibitors derived from alpha-amino cyclic
boronates. Li X, Zhang YK, Liu Y, Ding CZ, Zhou Y, Li Q, Plattner JJ, Baker SJ, Zhang S,
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[Evaluation of the efficiency of measures to reduce the influence of risk
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Electrochemical disinfection
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Tailoring nanostructured, graded, and particle-reinforced Al laminates by accumulative roll bonding.
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Highly monodisperse core-shell particles created by solid-state reactions.
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Aerosol Deposition of Hydroxyapatite and 4-Hexylresorcinol Coatings on Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants.
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Progress in the Removal of Di-[2-Ethylhexyl]-Phthalate as Plasticizer in Blood Bags.
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A combined arc-melting and tilt-casting furnace for the manufacture of high-purity bulk metallic glass materials.
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Waste-recycling Monte Carlo with optimal estimates: Application to free energy calculations in alloys.
Adjanor G, Athe`nes M, Rodgers JM.
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Role of electronic excitation in the amorphization of ge-sb-te alloys.
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Prediction of the operating point of dendrites growing under coupled thermosolutal control at high growth velocity.
Mullis AM.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2011 Jun;83(6-1):061601. Epub 2011 Jun 2.
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Metal Anion-Alkyl Ammonium Complexes as Direct Write Precursors to Produce Nanopatterns of Metals, Nitrides, Oxides, Sulfides, And Alloys.
Radha B, Kiruthika S, Kulkarni GU.
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Characteristics of InGaN-based concentrator solar cells operating under 150X solar concentration.
Yang CC, Jang CH, Sheu JK, Lee ML, Tu SJ, Huang FW, Yeh YH, Lai WC.
Opt Express. 2011 Jul 4;19 Suppl 4:A695-700. doi: 10.1364/OE.19.00A695.
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Determination of the magnetic ground state in the martensite phase of Ni-Mn-Z (Z = In, Sn and Sb) off-stoichiometric Heusler alloys by nonlinear AC susceptibility.
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Effects of phase constitution on magnetic susceptibility and mechanical properties of Zr-rich Zr-Mo alloys.
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Bioactive glass microspheres as osteopromotive inlays in macrotextured surfaces of Ti and CoCr alloy bone implants: Trapezoidal surface grooves without inlay most efficient in resisting torsional forces.
Keränen P, Moritz N, Alm JJ, Ylänen H, Kommonen B, Aro HT.
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Effect of the combination of dithiooctanoate monomers and acidic adhesive monomers on adhesion to precious metals, precious metal alloys and non-precious metal alloys.
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Dent Mater J. 2011 Jul 28;30(4):469-77. Epub 2011 Jul 21.
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Nanoporous PtAg and PtCu alloys with hollow ligaments for enhanced electrocatalysis and glucose biosensing.
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J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011 Apr;11(4):2944-51.
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In vitro evaluation of the electrochemical behaviour of stainless steel and Ni-Ti orthodontic archwires at different temperatures.
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Eur J Orthod. 2011 Jul 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
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Multifrequency atomic force microscopy: compositional imaging with electrostatic force measurements.
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Microsc Microanal. 2011 Aug;17(4):587-97. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
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Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intervertebral test spacers: an experimental comparison of magnesium versus titanium and carbon fiber reinforced polymers as biomaterials.
Ernstberger T, Buchhorn G, Heidrich G.
Ir J Med Sci. 2009 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19693644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ultrasonic irradiation and its application for improving the corrosion resistance of phosphate coatings on aluminum alloys.
Sheng M, Wang C, Zhong Q, Wei Y, Wang Y.
Ultrason Sonochem. 2010 Jan;17(1):21-5. Epub 2009 Aug 6.
PMID: 19692286 [PubMed - in process]
Plasma reduction of bronze corrosion developed under long-term artificial ageing.
Novakovic J, Papadopoulou O, Vassiliou P, Filippaki E, Bassiakos Y.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]
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First-principles studies on alloying and simplified thermodynamic aqueous chemical stability of calcium-, zinc-, aluminum-, yttrium- and iron-doped magnesium alloys.
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Acta Biomater. 2009 Aug 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19683600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
American Elements is a copyrighted U.S. Trademark. All rights reserved.
Nickel is a Block D, Group 4, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Nickel's shells is 2, 8, 16, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Ar]3d8 4s2. In its elemental form nickel's CAS number is 7440-02-0. Nickel is sometimes found free in nature but is more commonly found in ores. The nickel atom has a radius of 149.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 163.pm. Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic gas. It is extensively alloyed with iron, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten and other metals produce stainless and other anti-corrosive steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It is highly electronically conductive and has many applications as a result. It is the basis of the nickel hydride battery. Most recently, its 
conductive properties have 
made it an ideal component for ceramic anode formulations used in oxygen generation and solid oxide fuel cell applications. Catalytic nickel is used to hydrogenate vegetable oils. Nickel additions to glass and ceramic glazes impart a bright green. It is also used in pigments for this purpose. Nickel information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Nickel was first discovered by Alex Constedt in 1751. The name originates from the German word 'kupfernickel' which means false copper from the illusory copper color of the ore. See Nickel research below. 
Chromium is a Block D, Group 6, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Chromium's shells is 2, 8, 13, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d5 4s1. In its elemental form chromium's CAS number is 7440-47-3. The chromium atom has a radius of 124.9.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Hexavalent chromium is toxic. Chromium is highly resistant to corrosion. This has led to its use in numerous alloying and steel producing applications. When chromium is added to glass or ceramic glazes, it produces a brilliant green. Chromium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. It is also used as a paint pigment for this purpose.Although chromium metal is an essential trace element, hexavalent 
chromium (Cr(VI)) is especially toxic and carcinogenic. Recently, chromites have formed the basis for cathode compositions 
for oxygen generation and fuel cell applications. Chromium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed here. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included. Chromium was first discovered by Anders Ekeberg in 1802. Due to its various colorful compounds, Chromium was named after the Greek word 'chroma' meaning color. See Chromium research below.
Boron is a Block P, Group 13, Period 2 element. The number of electrons in each of Boron's shells is 2, 3 and its electronic configuration is [He] 2s2 2p1. In its elemental form boron's CAS number is 7440-42-8. The boron atom has a radius of 79.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Boron is not toxic. Boron has an energy band gap of 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of either silicon or germanium. Optical characteristics include transmitting portions of the infrared. Boron is a poor conductor of electricity at room temperature but a good conductor at high temperature. Boron in its elemental form is not toxic. Amorphous 
boron is used in pyrotechnic flares to provide a distinctive green color, and in rockets as an igniter Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate 
glasses. The isotope Boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, as a shield for nuclear radiation, and in instruments used for detecting neutrons. Boron nitride has remarkable properties and can be used to make a material as hard as diamond. The nitride also behaves like an electrical insulator but conducts heat like a metal. Boron also has lubricating properties similar to graphite. Boron was first discovered by Sir Humphry Davy and J.L Gay-Lussac in 1808. The name Boron originates from a combination of carbon and the Arabic word 'buraqu meaning borax. See Boron research below. 
