American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Osmium Phosphide Sputtering targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Osmium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Osmium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Osmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2. In its elemental form osmium's CAS number is 7440-04-2. The osmium atom has a radius of 133.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) can cause eye, lung and skin damage which makes it very toxic. Osmium has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of any of the platinum group of metals. Osmium tetroxide has recently been used to detect fingerprints and as an aid to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys with other metals of the platinum group. Osmium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Osmium was first discovered by Smithson Tennant in 1803. The origin of the name Osmium comes from the Greek word osme meaning a smell or odor. See Osmium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
American Elements semi conducting materials are crystal structures produced from ultra high purity starting materials synthesized by our high purity production facility which includes several large electric muffle furnaces, a tube furnace for hydrogen reduction, 50 gallon glass-lined Pfaudler reactors supported by our analytical laboratory containing X-ray diffraction, SEM, AA, BET surface area, and ICP Spectrometry for trace metals analysis. See a discussion of American Elements Ultra High Purity and Analytical capabilities. See Crystal Growth for processes used to fabricate semiconductor materials, which include:
Crystal "pulling" by the Czochaiski method for production of semiconductor materials
Flux growth and gradient freeze
Directional solidification of fluorites using both the Bridgman-Stockbarger and float zoning techniques
Search by Material, Product Name, Product Code, CAS Number, Formula, Element, Anion, Form, EC Number, MDL Number or PubChem ID.
Ultrastructure of the myotendinous junction of the medial pterygoid muscle of
adult and aged Wistar rats. Ciena AP, Luques IU, Dias FJ, Yokomizo de Almeida SR, Iyomasa MM, Watanabe IS. Micron. 2010 Dec;41(8):1011-4. Epub 2010 Apr 20.
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A novel oxidative
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Epub 2010 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 20830333.
Electrochemical and homogeneous electron
transfers to the Alzheimer amyloid-{beta} copper complex follow a preorganization
mechanism. Balland V, Hureau C, Savéant JM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Oct 5;107(40):17113-8. Epub 2010 Sep
21. PubMed PMID: 20858730.
Osmium(III) complexes with POP pincer ligands: preparation from commercially
available OsCl(3)·3H(2)O and their X-ray structures. Asensio G, Cuenca AB, Esteruelas MA, Medio-Simón M, Oliván M, Valencia M. Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct
4;49(19):8665-7. PubMed PMID: 20828213.
Multilamellar spherical particles as potential sources of excessive light
scattering in human age-related nuclear cataracts. Costello MJ, Johnsen S, Metlapally S, Gilliland KO, Frame L, Balasubramanian
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DNA photocleavage by an osmium(II)
complex in the PDT window. Sun Y, Joyce LE, Dickson NM, Turro C. Chem Commun (Camb). 2010 Sep 28;46(36):6759-61. Epub
2010 Aug 17. PubMed PMID: 20717583.
Interplay of cysteinyl leukotrienes and
TGF-ß in the activation of hepatic stellate cells from Schistosoma mansoni
granulomas. Paiva LA, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bandeira-Melo C, Silva PM, El-Cheikh MC, Teodoro
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Pulmonary fat embolism after
reamed and unreamed nailing of femoral fractures. Högel F, Gerlach UV, Südkamp NP, Müller CA. Injury. 2010 Sep 15. [Epub
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Clytostoma callistegioides (Bignoniaceae) wax extract with activity on
aphid settling. Castillo L, Díaz M, González-Coloma A, González A, Alonso-Paz E, Bassagoda MJ,
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Synchrotron-based micro-CT imaging of the human lung acinus.
Litzlbauer HD, Korbel K, Kline TL, Jorgensen SM, Eaker DR, Bohle RM, Ritman
EL, Langheinrich AC. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2010 Sep;293(9):1607-14. PubMed PMID: 20687188.
Cellularity and
adipogenic profile of the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from obese
adolescents: association with insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Kursawe R, Eszlinger M, Narayan D, Liu T, Bazuine M, Cali AM, D'Adamo E, Shaw
M, Pierpont B, Shulman GI, Cushman SW, Sherman A, Caprio S. Diabetes.
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Low temperature and anhydrous electron microscopy techniques to observe the
infection process of the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas fragariae on strawberry
leaves. Allan-Wojtas P, Hildebrand PD, Braun PG, Smith-King HL, Carbyn S, Renderos
WE. J Microsc. 2010 Sep 1;239(3):249-58. PubMed PMID: 20701664.
CEMOVIS on
a pathogen: analysis of Bacillus anthracis spores. Couture-Tosi E, Ranck JL, Haustant G, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Sachse M. Biol Cell. 2010 Aug 26. [Epub
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Layer-by-layer self-assembled osmium polymer-mediated laccase oxygen cathodes for
biofuel cells: the role of hydrogen peroxide. Scodeller P, Carballo R, Szamocki R, Levin L, Forchiassin F, Calvo EJ. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Aug
18;132(32):11132-40. PubMed PMID: 20698679.
One-chip biosensor for simultaneous disease
marker/calibration substance measurement in human urine by electrochemical
surface plasmon resonance method. Nakamoto K, Kurita R, Niwa O. Biosens Bioelectron. 2010 Aug 4. [Epub ahead of
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Morphology of male
reproductive system of two solitary bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Araújo VA, Freitas FV, Moreira J, Neves CA, Lino-Neto J. Neotrop
Entomol. 2010 Jul-Aug;39(4):595-600. PubMed PMID: 20877997.
Correlative microscopy of densely
labeled projection neurons using neural tracers. Oberti D, Kirschmann MA, Hahnloser RH. Front Neuroanat. 2010 Jun
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Rapidly excised and cryofixed rat tissue.
Vanhecke D, Graber W, Studer D. Methods Cell Biol. 2010;96:513-27. PubMed PMID: 20869536.
Electron microscopy analysis of skin biopsies in CADASIL
disease. Cotrutz CE, Indrei A, Badescu L, Dacalu C, Neamtu M, Dumitrescu GF,
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Consumption of whole
grains is associated with improved diet quality and nutrient intake in children
and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.
O'Neil CE, Nicklas TA, Zanovec M, Cho SS, Kleinman R. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Oct 6:1-9. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20923597.
Chemical and microbiological changes during
vermicomposting of coffee pulp using exotic (Eudrilus eugeniae) and native
earthworm (Perionyx ceylanesis) species. Raphael K, Velmourougane K. Biodegradation. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead
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Synthesis, structure,
and reductive elimination in the series Tp'Rh(PR(3))(Ar(F))H; Determination of
rhodium-carbon bond energies of fluoroaryl substituents. Tanabe T, Brennessel WW, Clot E, Eisenstein O, Jones WD. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
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Nutrient concentrations in Maryland non-tidal
streams. Morgan RP 2nd, Kline KM. Environ Monit Assess. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
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Hereditary disorders of renal
phosphate wasting. Alizadeh Naderi AS, Reilly RF; Medscape. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed
PMID: 20924400.
New Synthesis of 3-Trifluoromethylpyrroles by
Condensation of Mesoionic 4-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-oxazolium-5-olates with
Phosphorus Ylides. Saijo R, Hagimoto Y, Kawase M. Org Lett. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:
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Structural and electronic properties of
luminescent copper(i) halide complexes of bis[2-(diphenylphosphano)phenyl] ether
(DPEphos). Crystal structure of [CuCl(DPEphos)(dmpymtH]. Aslanidis P, Cox PJ, Tsipis AC. Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct
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Changes in
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Bioreactors Upon Phosphorus Addition. Li X, Upadhyaya G, Yuen W, Brown J, Morgenroth E, Raskin L. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010 Oct 1. [Epub
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Determination of a set
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A review on the effects of environmental conditions on growth and toxin
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Tenofovir-associated severe bone pain: I cannot walk! Jhaveri MA, Mawad HW, Thornton AC, Mullen NW, Greenberg RN. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS
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Characteristics of contaminants in water and
sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent. Lee S, Maniquiz MC, Kim LH. J Environ
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Effect of a seasonal diffuse pollution migration on
natural organic matter behavior in a stratified dam reservoir. Yu SJ, Lee JY, Ha SR. J Environ Sci
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Water-saving
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Scenario
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Modeling the effects of constructed wetland
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Evaluation of non-point source
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Understanding nutrient
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Monitoring of non-point source pollutants
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American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Osmium Phosphide Sputtering targets with the highest possible density 
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Osmium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Osmium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Osmium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2. In its elemental form osmium's CAS number is 7440-04-2. The osmium atom has a radius of 133.8.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4) can cause eye, lung and skin damage which makes it very toxic. Osmium has the highest melting point and the lowest vapor pressure of 
any of the platinum group of metals. Osmium tetroxide has recently been used to detect fingerprints 
and as an aid to stain fatty tissue for microscope slides. The metal is almost entirely used to produce very hard alloys with other metals of the platinum group. Osmium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Osmium was first discovered by Smithson Tennant in 1803. The origin of the name Osmium comes from the Greek word osme meaning a smell or odor. See Osmium research below.
Phosphorus is a Block P, Group 15, Period 3 element. The number of electrons in each of Phosphorus's shells is 2, 8, 5 and its electronic configuration is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. In its elemental form Phosphorus's CAS number is 7723-14-0. The Phosphorus atom has a radius of 110.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 180.pm. Although white phosphorus is very toxic, red phosphorus is not considered toxic. Phosphorus information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its High Purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
