Promethium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.
 Promethium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Promethium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f5 6s2. In its elemental form promethium's CAS number is 7440-12-2. The promethium atom has a radius of 183.4.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Promethium is radioactive.
Promethium was predicted by Bohuslav Brauner in 1902 and first produced by J. A. Marinsky, Lawrence Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell in 1945.
The element name comes from Greek mythology after the Titan, Prometheus, who stole the fire of Zeus and gave it to mankind.
 prométhium |
Promethium |
 prometio |
 Promécio |
 prometio |
Prometium |
Promethium Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of promethium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
| Isotope |
Atomic Mass |
% Abundance on Earth |
| Pm-143 |
142.910928 |
- |
| Pm-145 |
144.912744 |
- |
| Pm-147 |
146.915134 |
- |
Promethium Safety Data. The safety data for promethium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Promethium compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for promethium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
| 1st Ionization Energy |
538.39 kJ mol-1 |
| 2nd Ionization Energy |
1051.70 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd Ionization Energy |
2151.64 kJ mol-1 |
Conductivity. As to promethium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured in terms of electrical resistivity @ 20 şC is - µOcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is -. The thermal conductivity of
promethium is 17.9 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties of Promethium. The melting point and boiling point for promethium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
| Heat of Fusion |
12.6 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Vaporization |
- kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of Atomization |
308 kJ mol-1 |
Recent Research & Development for Promethium
Toward mechanistic understanding of nuclear reprocessing chemistries by quantifying lanthanide solvent extraction kinetics via microfluidics with constant interfacial area and rapid mixing.
Nichols KP, Pompano RR, Li L, Gelis AV, Ismagilov RF.
J Am Chem Soc. 2011 Oct 5;133(39):15721-9. doi: 10.1021/ja206020u. Epub 2011 Sep 2.
PMID:
21888347
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Comparison of two different types of LiF:Mg,Cu,P thermoluminescent dosimeters for detection of beta rays (beta-TLDs) from 90Sr/90Y, 85Kr and 147Pm sources.
Grassi E, Sghedoni R, Piccagli V, Fioroni F, Borasi G, Iori M.
Health Phys. 2011 May;100(5):515-22. doi: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3182092732.
PMID:
21451322
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Efficiency of Pm-147 direct charge radioisotope battery.
Kavetskiy A, Yakubova G, Yousaf SM, Bower K, Robertson JD, Garnov A.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2011 May;69(5):744-8. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.01.016. Epub 2011 Jan 19.
PMID:
21295487
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Preconcentration of f-elements from aqueous solution utilizing a modified carbon paste electrode.
Schumacher PD, Fitzgerald KA, Schenk JO, Clark SB.
Anal Chem. 2011 Feb 15;83(4):1388-93. doi: 10.1021/ac102844n. Epub 2011 Jan 27.
PMID:
21271692
[PubMed]
A novel ion selective sensor for promethium determination.
Gupta VK, Jain R, Hamdan AJ, Agarwal S, Bharti AK.
Anal Chim Acta. 2010 Nov 29;681(1-2):27-32. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.037. Epub 2010 Oct 1.
PMID:
21035599
[PubMed]
Structural study of the N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea solvated lanthanoid(III) ions in solution and solid state with an analysis of the ionic radii of lanthanoid(III) ions.
Lundberg D, Persson I, Eriksson L, D'Angelo P, De Panfilis S.
Inorg Chem. 2010 May 17;49(10):4420-32. doi: 10.1021/ic100034q.
PMID:
20397652
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effective transition probability for the Faraday effect of lanthanide(III) ion solutions.
Miyamoto K, Isai K, Suwa M, Watarai H.
J Am Chem Soc. 2009 May 13;131(18):6328-9. doi: 10.1021/ja9006468.
PMID:
19378955
[PubMed]
Promethium-147 capacitor.
Kavetskiy A, Yakubova G, Lin Q, Chan D, Yousaf SM, Bower K, Robertson JD, Garnov A, Meier D.
Appl Radiat Isot. 2009 Jun;67(6):1057-62. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.02.084. Epub 2009 Feb 28.
PMID:
19328703
[PubMed]
A new approach to determine 147Pm in irradiated fuel solutions.
Brennetot R, Stadelmann G, Caussignac C, Gombert C, Fouque M, Lamouroux C.
Talanta. 2009 May 15;78(3):676-81. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.12.022. Epub 2008 Dec 24.
PMID:
19269411
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Comparative biokinetics of trivalent radionuclides with similar ionic dimensions: promethium-147, curium-242 and americium-241.
Priest ND.
Radiat Res. 2007 Sep;168(3):327-31.
PMID:
17705633
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Structural and electronic analysis of lanthanide complexes: reactivity may not necessarily be independent of the identity of the lanthanide atom--a DFT study.
Schinzel S, Bindl M, Visseaux M, Chermette H.
J Phys Chem A. 2006 Oct 5;110(39):11324-31.
PMID:
17004742
[PubMed]
Experimental determination of water activity for binary aqueous cerium(III) ionic solutions: application to an assessment of the predictive capability of the binding mean spherical approximation model.
Ruas A, Simonin JP, Turq P, Moisy P.
J Phys Chem B. 2005 Dec 8;109(48):23043-50.
PMID:
16854002
[PubMed]
Electron- and positron-emitting radiolanthanides for therapy: aspects of dosimetry and production.
Uusijärvi H, Bernhardt P, Rösch F, Maecke HR, Forssell-Aronsson E.
J Nucl Med. 2006 May;47(5):807-14.
PMID:
16644751
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A comprehensive dose reconstruction methodology for former rocketdyne/atomics international radiation workers.
Boice JD Jr, Leggett RW, Ellis ED, Wallace PW, Mumma M, Cohen SS, Brill AB, Chadda B, Boecker BB, Yoder RC, Eckerman KF.
Health Phys. 2006 May;90(5):409-30.
PMID:
16607174
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Radiolanthanide-labeled monoclonal antibody CC49 for radioimmunotherapy of cancer: biological comparison of DOTA conjugates and 149Pm, 166Ho, and 177Lu.
Mohsin H, Jia F, Sivaguru G, Hudson MJ, Shelton TD, Hoffman TJ, Cutler CS, Ketring AR, Athey PS, Simón J, Frank RK, Jurisson SS, Lewis MR.
Bioconjug Chem. 2006 Mar-Apr;17(2):485-92.
PMID:
16536481
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Evaluation of beta-absorbed fractions in a mouse model for 90Y, 188Re, 166Ho, 149Pm, 64Cu, and 177Lu radionuclides.
Miller WH, Hartmann-Siantar C, Fisher D, Descalle MA, Daly T, Lehmann J, Lewis MR, Hoffman T, Smith J, Situ PD, Volkert WA.
Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2005 Aug;20(4):436-49.
PMID:
16114992
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Trivalent lanthanide lacunary phosphomolybdate complexes: a structural and spectroscopic study across the series [Ln(PMo11O39)2]11-.
Copping R, Gaunt AJ, May I, Sarsfield MJ, Collison D, Helliwell M, Denniss IS, Apperley DC.
Dalton Trans. 2005 Apr 7;(7):1256-62. Epub 2005 Mar 1.
PMID:
15782262
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Thermodynamic study of the complexation of trivalent actinide and lanthanide cations by ADPTZ, a tridentate N-donor ligand.
Miguirditchian M, Guillaneux D, Guillaumont D, Moisy P, Madic C, Jensen MP, Nash KL.
Inorg Chem. 2005 Mar 7;44(5):1404-12.
PMID:
15732980
[PubMed]
Design and coordination behavior of the first selective recognition ligand of 147Pm(III).
Liu W, Li X, Wen Y, Tan M.
Dalton Trans. 2004 Feb 21;(4):640-4. Epub 2004 Jan 16.
PMID:
15252528
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Biological comparison of 149Pm-, 166Ho-, and 177Lu-DOTA-biotin pretargeted by CC49 scFv-streptavidin fusion protein in xenograft-bearing nude mice.
Lewis MR, Zhang J, Jia F, Owen NK, Cutler CS, Embree MF, Schultz J, Theodore LJ, Ketring AR, Jurisson SS, Axworthy DB.
Nucl Med Biol. 2004 Feb;31(2):213-23. Erratum in: Nucl Med Biol. 2004 Oct;31(7):973.
PMID:
15013487
[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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