American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Praseodymium Selenide Sputtering targets with the highest possible density and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Praseodymium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request.
Praseodymium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Praseodymium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f3 6s2. In its elemental form praseodymium's CAS number is 7440-10-0. The praseodymium atom has a radius of 182.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is is unknown. Praseodymium is somewhat toxic. Praseodymium resembles the typical trivalent rare earths, however, it will exhibit a +4 state when stabilized in a zirconia host. Praseodymium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. The element is found in most all light rare earth derivatives. It is highly valued in glass and ceramic production as a bright yellow pigment because of its optimum reflectance at 560 nm. Much research is being done on its optical properties for use in amplification of telecommunication systems, including as a doping agent in fluoride fibers. The origin of the element name comes from the Greek words 'prasios didymos' meaning green twin. See Praseodymium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 440 gallon liquid totes.
Autogenic Synthesis of Green- and
Red-Emitting Single-Phase Pr(2)O(2)CO(3) and PrO(1.833) Luminescent Nanopowders.
Calderon Moreno JM, Pol VG, Suh SH, Popa M. Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20923161.
Cationic rare-earth-metal
methyl complexes: a new preparative access exemplified for Y and Pr. Nieland A, Mix A, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Dalton
Trans. 2010 Aug 7;39(29):6753-60. Epub 2010 May 4. PubMed PMID: 20442946.
Conversion of orange light into blue
light. Rai N, Jha Y, Kamal KP, Kumar S, Rai VK. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2010 Aug;76(3-4):311-4. Epub 2010
Mar 6. PubMed PMID: 20430692.
Efficient green
continuous-wave lasing of blue-diode-pumped solid-state lasers based on
praseodymium-doped LiYF4. Hansen NO, Bellancourt AR, Weichmann U, Huber G. Appl Opt. 2010 Jul 10;49(20):3864-8. doi:
10.1364/AO.49.003864. PubMed PMID: 20648158.
Praseodymium(III)-based
bis-metallacalix[4]arene with host-guest behaviour. Xu GF, Gamez P, Teat SJ, Tang J. Dalton Trans. 2010 May
14;39(18):4353-7. Epub 2010 Mar 24. PubMed PMID: 20422093.
Evaluation of short-term effects of rare earth and other elements used in
magnesium alloys on primary cells and cell lines. Feyerabend F, Fischer J, Holtz J, Witte F, Willumeit R, Drücker H, Vogt C,
Hort N. Acta Biomater. 2010
May;6(5):1834-42. Epub 2009 Oct 1. PubMed PMID: 19800429.
Carboxymethylated cyclodextrins and their complexes with Pr(III) and Yb(III) as
water-soluble chiral NMR solvating agents for cationic compounds. Provencher KA, Weber MA, Randall LA, Cunningham PR, Dignam CF, Wenzel TJ. Chirality. 2010
Mar;22(3):336-46. PubMed PMID: 19544350.
Crystal structure, diffusion path, and
oxygen permeability of a Pr(2)NiO(4)-based mixed conductor
(Pr(0.9)La(0.1))(2)(Ni(0.74)Cu(0.21)Ga(0.05))O(4+delta). Yashima M, Sirikanda N, Ishihara T. J Am Chem Soc. 2010 Feb
24;132(7):2385-92. PubMed PMID: 20121092.
Crystal structure and optical and magnetic properties of
Pr(2)(MoO(4))(3). Logvinovich D, Arakcheeva A, Pattison P, Eliseeva S, Tomes P, Marozau I,
Chapuis G. Inorg Chem. 2010 Feb 15;49(4):1587-94. PubMed PMID: 20067248.
Morphological and
Electrochemical Properties of Crystalline Praseodymium Oxide Nanorods. Shamshi Hassan M, Shaheer Akhtar M, Shim KB, Yang OB. Nanoscale
Res Lett. 2010 Feb 5;5(4):735-740. PubMed PMID: 20672103; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC2894094.
Demonstration of atomic frequency
comb memory for light with spin-wave storage. Afzelius M, Usmani I, Amari A, Lauritzen B, Walther A, Simon C, Sangouard N,
Minár J, de Riedmatten H, Gisin N, Kröll S. Phys Rev Lett. 2010 Jan
29;104(4):040503. Epub 2010 Jan 27. PubMed PMID: 20366694.
Triggered instability of liposomes bound to hydrophobically modified core-shell
PNIPAM hydrogel beads. MacKinnon N, Guérin G, Liu B, Gradinaru CC, Rubinstein JL, Macdonald PM. Langmuir. 2010 Jan 19;26(2):1081-9. PubMed PMID: 19754070.
Templated assembly
of mu(5)-CO3(2-) decanuclear praseodymium and neodymium clusters through
spontaneous fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Ke H, Zhao L, Xu GF, Guo YN, Tang J, Zhang XY, Zhang HJ. Dalton Trans. 2009 Dec
21;(47):10609-13. Epub 2009 Nov 2. PubMed PMID: 20023886.
Efficacy and safety of lanthanoids as X-ray contrast agents. Pietsch H, Jost G, Frenzel T, Raschke M, Walter J, Schirmer H, Hütter J,
Sieber MA. Eur J
Radiol. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 20006455.
The permanent electric dipole moments and
magnetic g(e)-factors of praseodymium monoxide (PrO). Wang H, Linton C, Ma T, Steimle TC. J Phys Chem A. 2009 Nov
26;113(47):13372-8. PubMed PMID: 19921945.
Pr3+-doped fluoro-oxide lithium glass as
scintillator for nuclear fusion diagnostics. Arikawa Y, Yamanoi K, Nakazato T, Estacio ES, Shimizu T, Sarukura N, Nakai M,
Norimatsu T, Azechi H, Murata T, Fujino S, Yoshida H, Kamada K, Usuki Y, Suyama
T, Yoshikawa A, Sato N, Kan H. Rev Sci Instrum. 2009
Nov;80(11):113504. PubMed PMID: 19947728.
Comparative studies of
praseodymium(III) selective sensors based on newly synthesized Schiff's bases.
Gupta VK, Goyal RN, Pal MK, Sharma RA. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Oct 27;653(2):161-6. Epub 2009 Sep 9. PubMed PMID: 19808108.
Ethanol electrooxidation on Pt/C catalysts
promoted with praseodymium oxide nanorods. Wang Y, Nguyen TS, Wang C, Wang X. Dalton Trans. 2009 Oct 7;(37):7606-9.
Epub 2009 Jul 27. PubMed PMID: 19759930.
Computation of energy interaction
parameters as well as electric dipole intensity parameters for the absorption
spectral study of the interaction of Pr(III) with l-phenylalanine, l-glycine,
l-alanine and l-aspartic acid in the presence and absence of Ca2+ in organic
solvents. Moaienla T, Singh TD, Singh NR, Devi MI. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2009 Oct 1;74(2):434-40. Epub
2009 Jun 24. PubMed PMID: 19615935.
High dielectric constant PrY(x)O(y) sensing films
electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor pH-sensor for the detection of urea. Wu MH, Lee CD, Pan TM. Anal
Chim Acta. 2009 Sep 28;651(1):36-41. Epub 2009 Aug 18. PubMed PMID: 19733732.
Recent Research & Development for Selenium
Toenail selenium status and the risk of Barrett's esophagus: the Netherlands Cohort Study.
Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Driessen AL, Huysentruyt CJ, Keulemans YC, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA.
Cancer Causes Control. 2010 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936529 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Promotion of Growth in Mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) by Selenium is Associated with Stimulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism.
Malik JA, Kumar S, Thakur P, Sharma S, Kaur N, Kaur R, Pathania D, Bhandhari K, Kaushal N, Singh K, Srivastava A, Nayyar H.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 9. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Transition metal chemistry of cyclodiphosphanes containing phosphine and amide-phosphine functionalities: Formation of a stable dipalladium(II) complex containing a Pd-P s-bond.
Balakrishna MS, Venkateswaran R, Mague JT.
Dalton Trans. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20936211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Associations between blood metals and fecundity among women residing in New York State.
Bloom MS, Louis GM, Sundaram R, Kostyniak PJ, Jain J.
Reprod Toxicol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933593 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
The protective role of selenium in recalcitrant Acer saccharium L. seeds subjected to desiccation.
Pukacka S, Ratajczak E, Kalemba E.
J Plant Physiol. 2010 Oct 6. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933296 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia.
Ikonomopoulou MP, Olszowy H, Limpus C, Francis R, Whittier J.
Mar Environ Res. 2010 Sep 25. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20933265 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Correlation between serum selenium level and febrile seizures.
Mahyar A, Ayazi P, Fallahi M, Javadi A.
Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Nov;43(5):331-4.PMID: 20933176 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Anti-Tumor Activity of Aloe vera Against DMBA/Croton Oil-Induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss Albino Mice.
Saini M, Goyal PK, Chaudhary G.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2010;29(2):127-35.PMID: 20932247 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Aluminosilicate Relatives: Chalcogenoaluminogermanates Rb(3)(AlQ(2))(3)(GeQ(2))(7) (Q = S, Se).
Rothenberger A, Shafaei-Fallah M, Kanatzidis MG.
Inorg Chem. 2010 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20932019 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
A Nutrient Approach to Prostate Cancer Prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT).
Dunn BK, Richmond ES, Minasian LM, Ryan AM, Ford LG.
Nutr Cancer. 2010 Oct;62(7):896-918.PMID: 20924966 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Serum levels of selenium in patients with breast cancer before and after treatment of external beam radiotherapy.
Franca CA, Nogueira CR, Ramalho A, Carvalho AC, Vieira SL, Penna AB.
Ann Oncol. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20924074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Kenji Soda--researching enzymes with the spirit of an alpinist.
Yoshimura T, Mihara H, Ohshima T, Tanizawa K.
J Biochem. 2010 Oct;148(4):371-9.PMID: 20924059 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Inhibitory effect of arsenic on aerobic gut flora in rat.
Choudhry ZK, Misbahuddin M, Hosain AK, Saleh AA.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2009 Dec;35(3):79-83.PMID: 20922909 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
[Endemic and biogeochemical features of the territory of Chuvash Republic]
[No authors listed]
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. 2010;(8):40-6. Russian. PMID: 20922843 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Interaction of uranyl with Se(IV) and Se(VI) in aqueous acid solutions by means of capillary electrophoresis.
Sladkov V.
Electrophoresis. 2010 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922762 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Ensemble Modeling Coupled with Six Element Concentrations in Human Blood for Cancer Diagnosis.
Chen H, Tan C, Wu T.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2010 Oct 5. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20922500 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Use of dietary vitamin E and selenium (Se) to increase the shelf life of modified atmosphere packaged light lamb meat.
Ripoll G, Joy M, Muñoz F.
Meat Sci. 2010 Sep 18. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20920835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
Impacts of maternal selenium and nutritional level on growth, adiposity, and glucose tolerance in female offspring in sheep.
Vonnahme KA, Luther JS, Reynolds LP, Hammer CJ, Carlson DB, Redmer DA, Caton JS.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2010 Nov;39(4):240-8. Epub 2010 Jul 25.PMID: 20920781 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Mutations disrupting selenocysteine formation cause progressive cerebello-cerebral atrophy.
Agamy O, Ben Zeev B, Lev D, Marcus B, Fine D, Su D, Narkis G, Ofir R, Hoffmann C, Leshinsky-Silver E, Flusser H, Sivan S, Söll D, Lerman-Sagie T, Birk OS.
Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Oct 8;87(4):538-44.PMID: 20920667 [PubMed - in process]Related citations
Developmental toxicity of selenium to Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma).
McDonald BG, Debruyn AM, Elphick JR, Davies M, Bustard D, Chapman PM.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2010 Aug 3. [Epub ahead of print]PMID: 20891017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]Related citations
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American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopeia/British Pharmacopeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. American Elements specializes in producing high purity Praseodymium Selenide Sputtering targets with the highest possible density 
and smallest possible average grain sizes for use in semiconductor, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) display and optical applications. Our standard Sputtering Targets for thin film are available monoblock or bonded with dimensions and configurations up to 820 mm with hole drill locations and threading, beveling, grooves and backing designed to work with both older sputtering devises as well as the latest process equipment, such as large area coating for solar energy or fuel cells and flip-chip applications. Research sized targets are also produced as well as custom sizes and alloys. All targets are analyzed using best demonstrated techniques including X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. "Sputtering" allows for thin film deposition of an ultra high purity sputtering metallic or oxide material onto another solid substrate by the controlled removal and conversion of the target material into a directed gaseous/plasma phase through ionic bombardment. We can also provide targets outside this range in addition to just about any size rectangular, annular, or oval target. Materials are produced using crystallization, solid state and other ultra high purification processes such as sublimation. American Elements specializes in producing custom compositions for commercial and research applications and for new proprietary technologies. American Elements also casts any of the rare earth metals and most other advanced materials into rod, bar or plate form, as well as other machined shapes and through other processes nanoparticles. We also produce Praseodymium as disc, granules, ingot, pellets, pieces, powder, and rod. Other shapes are available by request. 
Praseodymium is a Block F, Group 3, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Praseodymium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2 and its electronic configuration is [Xe]4f3 6s2. In its elemental form praseodymium's CAS number is 7440-10-0. The praseodymium atom has a radius of 182.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is is unknown. Praseodymium is somewhat toxic. Praseodymium resembles the typical trivalent rare earths, however, it will
exhibit a +4 state when stabilized in a zirconia host. Praseodymium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form 
of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. The element is found in most all light rare earth derivatives. It is highly valued in glass and ceramic production as a bright yellow pigment because of its optimum reflectance at 560 nm. Much research is being done on its optical properties for use in amplification of telecommunication systems, including as a doping agent in fluoride fibers. The origin of the element name comes from the Greek words 'prasios didymos' meaning green twin. See Praseodymium research below.
Selenium is a Block P, Group 16, Period 4 element. The number of electrons in each of Selenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 6 and its electronic configuration is [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4. In its elemental form selenium's CAS number is 7782-49-2. The selenium atom has a radius of 116.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 190.pm. The EPA does not classify selenium as carcinogenic, although selenium sulfide 
is a probable carcinogen. Selenates and selenites which are compounds of selenium, are highly toxic. Hydrogen selenide gas (SeH2) is the most acutely toxic compound of selenium. Selenium exhibits both photovoltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photoconductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. of photocells and exposure meters for photographic use, as 
well as solar cells. Below its melting point, selenium is a p-type semiconductor and has many uses in electronic and solid-state applications. Selenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.9999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Selenium was first discovered by Jons Berzelius in 1817. The origin of the name Selenium comes from the Greek word "Selênê" meaning moon. See selenium research below. 
