Platinum is a member of the platinum group of metals. It is highly corrosion resistant and has numerous catalytic applications. These include in petrochemical cracking catalysts, automotive catalytic converters and in the processes used for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature. The metal is extensively used in jewelry, electronic wire, and crucibles for corrosive and high temperature laboratory uses and in many advanced instruments. Platinum compounds have application in medicine. Platinum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.
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Platinum facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are
available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.
Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Platinum is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.
Platinum is a Block D, Group 10, Period 6 element. The number of electrons in each of Platinum's shells is 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1. In its elemental form platinum's CAS number is 7440-06-4. The platinum atom has a radius of 137.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 172.pm. Platinum is not toxic.
All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, thin fillm deposition using sputtering targets and evaporation materials, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology applications. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic platinum compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis. Platinum is found in alluvial deposits and with iridium as platiniridium. Platinum was first discovered by Julius Scaliger in 1735.
The origin of the name comes from the Spanish word platina meaning silver
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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of platinum and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.
Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Pt-190
189.959930
0.01
Pt-192
191.961035
0.79
Pt-194
193.962664
32.9
Pt-195
194.964774
33.8
Pt-196
195.964935
25.3
Pt-198
197.967876
7.2
The following table shows the abundance of Platinum present in the human body and in the universe scaled to parts per billion (ppb) by weight and by atom:
Typical Human Body
Universe
by Weight
no data
5 ppb
by Atom
no data
0.03 ppb
Safety Data and Biological Role. The safety data for platinum metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin. Platinum compounds have no biological role.
Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for platinum (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:
1st Ionization Energy
864.39 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1791.07 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
- kJ mol-1
Conductivity. As to platinum's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 10.6 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.2. The thermal conductivity of platinum is 71.6 W m-1 K-1.
Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for platinum are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.
Heat of Fusion
19.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
469 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
564.42 kJ mol-1
Recent Research & Development for Platinum
Comparison of chemotherapeutic efficacy between LCNEC diagnosed using large specimens and possible LCNEC diagnosed using small biopsy specimens.
Tokito T, Kenmotsu H, Watanabe R, Ito I, Shukuya T, Ono A, Nakamura Y, Tsuya A, Naito T, Murakami H, Takahashi T, Ohde Y, Kondo H, Endo M, Kameya T, Nakajima T, Mori K, Yamamoto N.
Int J Clin Oncol. 2012 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23250620
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Selective extraction of gold and platinum in water using ionic liquids. A simple two-step extraction process.
Papaiconomou N, Génand-Pinaz S, Leveque JM, Guittonneau S.
Dalton Trans. 2012 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23250110
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Mathieson K, Moodie AR, Grant E, Morrison JD.
J Med Eng Technol. 2012 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23249248
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Management of advanced lung cancer in resource-constrained settings: a perspective from India.
Singh N, Aggarwal AN, Behera D.
Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012 Nov;12(11):1479-95. doi: 10.1586/era.12.119.
PMID:
23249112
[PubMed - in process]
Role of paclitaxel and platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk penile cancer.
Noronha V, Patil V, Ostwal V, Tongaonkar H, Bakshi G, Prabhash K.
Urol Ann. 2012 Sep;4(3):150-3. doi: 10.4103/0974-7796.102659.
PMID:
23248520
[PubMed]
Local surface structure effect on reactivity of molecules confined between metallic surfaces.
Martínez de la Hoz JM, Balbuena PB.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23247727
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A dinuclear alkynylplatinum(ii) pyridinedicarboxamide: conformational change-induced switching of emission properties.
Gross A, Moriuchi T, Hirao T.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23247307
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
53BP1 Expression In Sporadic And Inherited Ovarian Carcinoma: Relationship To Genetic Status And Clinical Outcomes.
Pennington KP, Wickramanayake A, Norquist BM, Pennil CC, Garcia RL, Agnew KJ, Taniguchi T, Welcsh P, Swisher EM.
Gynecol Oncol. 2012 Dec 11. doi:pii: S0090-8258(12)00954-7. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.007. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23246380
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Gemcitabine Plus Paclitaxel as Second-line Chemotherapy in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.
Baykara M, Coskun U, Berk V, Ozkan M, Kaplan MA, Benekli M, Karaca H, Inanc M, Isikdogan A, Sevinc A, Elkiran ET, Demirci U, Buyukberber S.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(10):5119-24.
PMID:
23244121
[PubMed - in process]
An intravenous implantable glucose/dioxygen biofuel cell with modified flexible carbon fiber electrodes.
Sales FC, Iost RM, Martins MV, Almeida MC, Crespilho FN.
Lab Chip. 2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23242477
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Robust Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Tetradentate O^N^C^N Ligands: Excimeric Excited State and Application in Organic White-Light-Emitting Diodes.
C F Kui S, Chow PK, Tong GS, Lai SL, Cheng G, Kwok CC, Low KH, Ko MY, Che CM.
Chemistry. 2012 Dec 13. doi: 10.1002/chem.201203687. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23239189
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Facile Production of Ordered 3D Platinum Nanowire Networks with "Single Diamond" Bicontinuous Cubic Morphology.
Akbar S, Elliott JM, Rittman M, Squires AM.
Adv Mater. 2012 Dec 13. doi: 10.1002/adma.201203395. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23238982
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Possible presence of hydrophilic SO(3)H nanoclusters on the surface of dry ultrathin Nafion® films: a positron annihilation study.
Mohamed HF, Kuroda S, Kobayashi Y, Oshima N, Suzuki R, Ohira A.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23238425
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
DNA mediated immobilisation of electrocatalytic platinum nanoparticles in gold nanocavity arrays.
Mallon CT, Spain E, Keyes TE, Forster RJ.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23238111
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
The molecular biology of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Leary A, Pautier P, Tazi Y, Morice P, Duvillard P, Gouy S, Uzan C, Gauthier H, Balleyguier C, Lhommé C.
Bull Cancer. 2012 Dec 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23238064
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Preoperative assessment of adnexal mass in adolescent patients.
Ivanov S.
Akush Ginekol (Sofiia). 2012;51 Suppl 1:51-5.
PMID:
23236682
[PubMed - in process]
Retinal toxicity after repeated intravitreal carboplatin injection into rabbit eyes.
Pochop P, Darsova D, Uhlik J, Lestak J, Kukacka J, Kodetova D, Klapkova E, Malis J, Vajner L.
Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2012 Dec 10. doi: 10.5507/bp.2012.106. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23235724
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chemotherapy for resistant or recurrent gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
Alazzam M, Tidy J, Osborne R, Coleman R, Hancock BW, Lawrie TA.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD008891. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008891.pub2.
PMID:
23235667
[PubMed - in process]
[A new horizon in the treatment of head and neck cancer - anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies as novel options].
Tahara M, Fujii M.
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2012 Dec;39(13):2489-507. Japanese.
PMID:
23235168
[PubMed - in process]
A Phase II, randomized, double-blind study of zibotentan (ZD4054) in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel versus placebo in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel in patients with advanced ovarian cancer sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy (AGO-OVAR 2.14).
Cognetti F, Bagnato A, Colombo N, Savarese A, Scambia G, Sehouli J, Wimberger P, Sorio R, Harter P, Mari E, McIntosh S, Nathan F, Pemberton K, Baumann K.
Gynecol Oncol. 2012 Dec 9. doi:pii: S0090-8258(12)00951-1. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.12.004. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
23234805
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Platinum is a member of the platinum group of metals. It is highly corrosion resistant and has numerous catalytic applications. These include in petrochemical cracking catalysts, automotive catalytic converters and in the processes used for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature. The metal is extensively used in jewelry, electronic wire, and crucibles for corrosive and high temperature laboratory uses and in many advanced instruments. Platinum compounds have application in medicine. Platinum is available as 
Platine
Platin
Platino
Platina
Platino
Platina
