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Platinum
Platinum information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Platinum is a member of the platinum group of metals. It is highly corrosion resistant and has numerous catalytic applications. These include in petrochemical cracking catalysts, automotive catalytic converters and in the processes used for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. The metal does not oxidize in air at any temperature. The metal is extensively used in jewelry, electronic wire, and crucibles for corrosive and high temperature laboratory uses and in many advanced instruments. Platinum compounds have application in medicine. Platinum is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder.

Platinum facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Platinum is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Platinum is a Block D, Group 10, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1. In its elemental form platinum's CAS number is 7439-88-5. The platinum atom has a radius of 137.3.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 172.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic platinum compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Platinum was first discovered by Julius Scaliger in 1735.

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Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of platinum and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Pt-190
189.959930
0.01
Pt-192
191.961035
0.79
Pt-194
193.962664
32.9
Pt-195
194.964774
33.8
Pt-196
195.964935
25.3
Pt-198
197.967876
7.2

Safety Data. The safety data for platinum metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for platinum (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
864.39 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
1791.07 kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
- kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to platinum's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 10.6 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 2.2. The thermal conductivity of platinum is 71.6 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for platinum are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
19.7 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
469 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
564.42 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Pt 78 195.09 g.mol -1 2.2 21.4 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 1772 °C 3800 °C 172.pm 0.096 nm (+2) 864.39 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Platinum

  • Platinum-catalysed aerobic 1,2-aminooxygenation of alkenes. Muñiz K, Iglesias A, Fang Y. Chem Commun (Camb). 2009 Oct 7;(37):5591-3. Epub 2009 Aug 28. PMID: 19753367 [PubMed - in process]

  • Treatment of recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer. Pisano C, Bruni GS, Facchini G, Marchetti C, Pignata S. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009 Aug;5(4):421-6. Epub 2009 Jun 22. PMID: 19753136 [PubMed - in process]

  • Oestrogen receptor 1 mRNA is a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer patients treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy: determination by array and kinetic PCR in fresh tissue biopsies. Zamagni C, Wirtz R, De Iaco P, Rosati M, Veltrup E, Rosati F, Capizzi E, Cacciari N, Alboni C, Bernardi A, Massari F, Quercia S, D'Errico Grigioni A, Dietel M, Sehouli J, Denkert C, Martoni A. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2009 Sep 11. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19749010 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Studies on the Synthesis and Activity of Three Tripalladium Complexes Containing Planaramine Ligands. Farhad M, Yu JQ, Beale P, Fisher K, Huq F. ChemMedChem. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19746359 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Differences in the Expression Profiles of Excision Repair Crosscomplementation Group 1, X-Ray Repair Crosscomplementation Group 1, and betaIII-Tubulin Between Primary Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Metastatic Lymph Nodes and the Significance in Mid-Term Survival. Kang CH, Jang BG, Kim DW, Jeong DH, Kim YT, Jheon S, Sung SW, Kim JH. J Thorac Oncol. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19745766 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Efficacy and Toxicity of Belotecan With and Without Cisplatin in Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Cancer. Nam EJ, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kim S, Kim SW, Jang SY, Lee DW, Jung YW, Kim YT. Am J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19745693 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Immobilization of glucose oxidase on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) layer by using poly(L-lysine) as a polymer backbone. Yasukawa T, Maekawa E, Mizutani F. Anal Sci. 2009 Sep;25(9):1159-62. PMID: 19745547 [PubMed - in process]

  • Oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity: changes in axonal excitability precede development of neuropathy. Park SB, Lin CS, Krishnan AV, Goldstein D, Friedlander ML, Kiernan MC. Brain. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19745023 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Combined Low Temperature Rapid Scan and (1)H NMR Mechanistic Study of the Protonation and Subsequent Benzene Elimination from a (Diimine)platinum(II) Diphenyl Complex Relevant to Arene C-H Activation. Parmene J, Ivanovic´-Burmazovic´ I, Tilset M, van Eldik R. Inorg Chem. 2009 Sep 10. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19743822 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Functional glutathione S-transferase genotypes among testicular germ cell tumor survivors: associations with primary and post-chemotherapy tumor histology. Kraggerud SM, Oldenburg J, Alnaes GI, Berg M, Kristensen VN, Fossa SD, Lothe RA. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19741569 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Histological response is not a prognostic factor after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced-stage ovarian cancer with no residual disease. Ferron JG, Uzan C, Rey A, Gouy S, Pautier P, Lhommé C, Duvillard P, Morice P. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2009 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19740592 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Development of a Titanium Dioxide-Supported Platinum Catalyst with Ultrahigh Stability for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Huang SY, Ganesan P, Park S, Popov BN. J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19739667 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Gefitinib: a second look. Non-small cell lung cancer: still very disappointing. [No authors listed] Prescrire Int. 2009 Aug;18(102):145-7. PMID: 19739343 [PubMed - in process]

  • Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Study of Sequential Erlotinib and Chemotherapy As First-Line Treatment for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Mok TS, Wu YL, Yu CJ, Zhou C, Chen YM, Zhang L, Ignacio J, Liao M, Srimuninnimit V, Boyer MJ, Chua-Tan M, Sriuranpong V, Sudoyo AW, Jin K, Johnston M, Chui W, Lee JS. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19738125 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Safety of Bevacizumab in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases. Socinski MA, Langer CJ, Huang JE, Kolb MM, Compton P, Wang L, Akerley W. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19738122 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Current data of targeted therapies for the treatment of triple-negative advanced breast cancer: empiricism or evidence-based? Petrelli F, Cabiddu M, Ghilardi M, Barni S. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19737114 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Fabrication of TiO(2) and Metal Nanoparticle-Microelectrode Arrays by Photolithography and Site-Selective Photocatalytic Deposition. Li X, Tian Y, Xia P, Luo Y, Rui Q. Anal Chem. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19736965 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Carbon on Platinum Substrates: From Carbidic to Graphitic Phases on the (111) Surface and on Nanoparticles (dagger). Vin~es F, Neyman KM, Go¨rling A. J Phys Chem A. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19736956 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Urinary excretion of carnitine as a marker of proximal tubular damage associated with platin-based antineoplastic drugs. Haschke M, Vitins T, Lüde S, Todesco L, Novakova K, Herrmann R, Krähenbühl S. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009 Sep 7. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19736245 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

  • Mechanism of Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid with in situ Microwave Activated Boron-doped Diamond and Platinum Anodes. Gao J, Zhao G, Liu M, Li D. J Phys Chem A. 2009 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 19735119 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 

 

 

 

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