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Rhenium
Rhenium information, including Technical Data, Safety Data and its high purity properties, research, applications and other useful facts are discussed below. Scientific facts such as the atomic structure, ionization energy, abundance on Earth, conductivity and thermal properties are included.

Rhenium is the fourth densest element exceeded only by that of platinum, iridium, and osmium . It has the second highest melting point exceeded only by tungsten and carbon . Rhenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Because of this, thermocouples made of Tungsten/Rhenium alloy is are used when temperatures will rise to 2000 C and rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps for photography. It is widely used as filaments for mass spectrographs and ion gauges. Rhenium is also used as an electrical contact material because it has good wear resistance and withstands arc corrosion. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 Kelvin. Rhenium catalysts are are used for oranic chemical hydrogenation. Rhenium is added to platinum catalysts that are used to produce lead-free gasoline. Due to its high melting point, it is in high-temperature superalloys used for aerospace and filaments for mass spectrographs.

Rhenium facts, including appearance, CAS #, and molecular formula and safety data, research and properties are

 

  Hydrogen                                 Helium
  Lithium Beryllium                     Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
  Sodium Magnesium                     Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
  Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Hydrogen Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
  Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
  Cesium Barium Cerium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
                                     
      Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium    
      Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerencium    


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available for many specific states, forms and shapes on the product pages listed to the left. Elemental or metallic forms include pellets, rod, wire and granules for evaporation source material purposes. Nanoparticles and nanopowders provide ultra high surface area which nanotechnology research and recent experiments demonstrate function to create new and unique properties and benefits.

Oxides are available in forms including powders and dense pellets for such uses as optical coating and thin film applications. Oxides tend to be insoluble. Fluorides are another insoluble form for uses in which oxygen is undesirable such as metallurgy, chemical and physical vapor deposition and in some optical coatings. Rhenium is available in soluble forms including chlorides, nitrates and acetates. These compounds are also manufactured as solutions at specified stoichiometries.

Rhenium is a Block D, Group 7, Period 6 element. The electronic configuration is [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2. In its elemental form rhenium's CAS number is 7440-15-5. The rhenium atom has a radius of 137.1.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm.

All elemental metals, compounds and solutions may be synthesized in ultra high purity (e.g. 99.999%) for laboratory standards, advanced electronic, metallurgy and optical materials and other high technology advantages. Information is provided for stable (non-radioactive) isotopes. Organo-Metallic Rhenium compounds are soluble in organic or non-aqueous solvents. See Analytical Services for information on available certified chemical and physical analysis techniques including MS-ICP, X-Ray Diffraction, PSD and Surface Area (BET) analysis.

Rhenium was first discovered by Walter Noddack in 1925.

French rhénium German Rhenium Italian renio Portuguese Rênio Spanish renio Swedish Rhenium

Abundance. The following table shows the abundance of rhenium and each of its naturally occurring isotopes on Earth along with the atomic mass for each isotope.

Isotope
Atomic Mass
% Abundance on Earth
Re-185
184.952956
37.40
Re-187
186.955751
62.60

Safety Data. The safety data for rhenium metal, nanoparticles and its compounds can vary widely depending on the form. For potential hazard information, toxicity, and road, sea and air transportation limitations, such as DOT Hazard Class, DOT Number, EU Number, NFPA Health rating and RTECS Class, please see the specific material or compound referenced in the left margin.

Ionization Energy. The ionization energy for rhenium (the least required energy to release a single electron from the atom in it's ground state in the gas phase) is stated in the following table:

1st Ionization Energy
755.82 kJ mol-1
2nd Ionization Energy
- kJ mol-1
3rd Ionization Energy
- kJ mol-1

Conductivity. As to rhenium's electrical and thermal conductivity, the electrical conductivity measured as to electrical resistivity @ 20 ºC is 19.3 μΩcm and its electronegativities (or its ability to draw electrons relative to other elements) is 1.9. The thermal conductivity of rhenium is 47.9 W m-1 K-1.

Thermal Properties. The melting point and boiling point for rhenium are stated below. The following chart sets forth the heat of fusion, heat of vaporization and heat of atomization.

Heat of Fusion
33.1 kJ mol-1
Heat of Vaporization
704.25 kJ mol-1
Heat of Atomization
769 kJ mol-1

 
Formula Atomic Number Molecular Weight Electronegativity (Pauling) Density Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vanderwaals radius
Ionic radius Energy of first ionization
Re 75 186.23 g.mol -1 1.9 20.5 g.cm-3 at 20 °C 3170 °C 5627 °C 200.pm unknown 755.82 kJ.mol-1

PRODUCT CATALOG U.S. Operations Submicron & Nanopowder Tolling Ultra High Purity Sputtering Target Crystal Growth Rod, Plate, Powder, etc. Foil
 
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Recent Research & Development for Rhenium

  • Standardization of a (186)Re sodium perrhenate radiochemical solution using the TDCR method in liquid scintillation counting. Appl Radiat Isot. 2008 Jun-Jul;66(6-7):960-4. Epub 2008 Feb 19.

  • Binuclear manganese and rhenium carbonyls M(2)(CO)(n) (n = 10, 9, 8, 7): comparison of first row and third row transition metal carbonyl structures. Dalton Trans. 2008 May 14;(18):2495-502. Epub 2008 Mar 18.

  • Beta-H transfer from the metallacyclobutane: a key step in the deactivation and byproduct formation for the well-defined silica-supported rhenium alkylidene alkene metathesis catalyst. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 May 14;130(19):6288-97. Epub 2008 Apr 11.

  • Synthesis and Screening of Mono- and Di-Aryl Technetium and Rhenium Metallocarboranes. A New Class of Probes for the Estrogen Receptor. J Med Chem. 2008 May 8;51(9):2833-2844. Epub 2008 Apr 16.

  • Direct Metal-Metal Interaction Contributions to Quadratic Hyperpolarizability: A Study on Dirhenium Complexes. J Phys Chem A. 2008 May 8. [Epub ahead of print]

  • The effects of 188 rhenium-filled balloon dilation following bare stent placement in a rabbit oesophageal model. Br J Radiol. 2008 May;81(965):413-21. Epub 2008 Feb 18.

  • Radioisotope synovectomy with rhenium186 in haemophilic synovitis for elbows, ankles and shoulders. Haemophilia. 2008 May;14(3):518-23. Epub 2008 Mar 28. PMID: 18371165 [PubMed - in process]8: Related Articles, LinksHuertos MA, Pérez J, Riera L. Pyridine ring opening at room temperature at a rhenium tricarbonyl bipyridine complex. J Am Chem Soc. 2008 Apr 30;130(17):5662-3. Epub 2008 Apr 9. No abstract available.

  • A New Class of Luminescent Tricarbonyl Rhenium(I) Complexes Containing Bridging 1,2-Diazine Ligands: Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Computational Characterization. Inorg Chem. 2008 Apr 19. [Epub ahead of print]

  • Hydrogen activation by high-valent oxo-molybdenum(vi) and -rhenium(vii) and -(v) compounds. Dalton Trans. 2008 Apr 7;(13):1727-33. Epub 2008 Feb 27.

  • Rhenium complexes with triazine derivatives formed from semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones. Inorg Chem. 2008 Apr 7;47(7):2890-6. Epub 2008 Mar 4.

  • Convenient route leading to neutral fac-M(CO)3(NNO) complexes (M = Re, 99mTc) coupled to amine pharmacophores. Inorg Chem. 2008 Apr 7;47(7):2601-7. Epub 2008 Feb 23.

  • Assessment of macrocyclic triamine ligands as synthons for organometallic 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem. 2008 Apr 7;47(7):2593-600. Epub 2008 Feb 13.

  • 188Re-labeled MPEG-modified superparamagnetic nanogels: preparation and targeting application in rabbits. Biomed Microdevices. 2008 Apr;10(2):281-7.

  • Comparison of different injection sites of radionuclide for sentinel lymph node detection in breast cancer: single institution experience. Clin Nucl Med. 2008 Apr;33(4):262-7.

  • Preparation and characterization of technetium and rhenium tricarbonyl complexes bearing the 4-nitrobenzyl moiety as potential bioreductive diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. In vitro and in vivo studies. Eur J Med Chem. 2008 Apr;43(4):741-8. Epub 2007 Jun 7.

  • Rhenium-188 labelled meso-tetrakis[3,4-bis(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl] porphyrin for targeted radiotherapy: preliminary biological evaluation in mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008 Apr;35(4):734-42. Epub 2008 Jan 12.

  • Sentinel node mapping for node positive oral cancer: potential to predict multiple metastasis. Laryngoscope. 2008 Apr;118(4):646-9.

  • Octachloro- and octabromoditechnetate(III) and their rhenium(III) congeners. Inorg Chem. 2008 Mar 17;47(6):1991-9. Epub 2008 Feb 22.

  • Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a rhenium-cyclized somatostatin derivative series. J Med Chem. 2008 Mar 13;51(5):1223-30. Epub 2008 Feb 13.

 

 

 

 

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