American Elements specializes in producing high purity Ruthenium Powder with the smallest possible average grain sizes for use in preparation of pressed and bonded sputtering targets and in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Powders are also useful in any application where high surface areas are desired such as water treatment and in fuel cell and solar applications. Nanoparticles (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) also produce very high surface areas. Our standard Powder particle sizes average in the range of - 325 mesh, - 100 mesh, 10-50 microns and submicron (< 1 micron). We can also provide many materials in the nanoscale range. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. We also produce Ruthenium as rod, ingot, pieces, pellets, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request.
Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Ruthenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is very toxic and Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered carcinogen. Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogensulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmiumsulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia. See Ruthenium research below.
PACKAGING SPECIFICATIONS FOR BULK & RESEARCH QUANTITIES
Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Shipping documentation includes a Certificate of Analysis and Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). Bullion and bar forms are best if purchasing solely for physical possession and risk exposure.
Ruthenium-catalyzed oxidation of a carbon-carbon triple bond: facile syntheses of alkenyl 1,2-diketones from alkynes.
Hu TC, Hsiao PI, Wang TH, Yang YW, Chang CY, Wu YH, Sun WC, Yu MS, Lee CY, Lo YH.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 21. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22015646
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Deactivation Pathways for Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States of Ru Polypyridyl Complexes with Triphenylphosphine as a Ligand.
Litke SV, Ershov AY, Meyer TJ.
J Phys Chem A. 2011 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22013947
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Chirality on the Non-Intercalated Part Dictates the Stereoselectivity for Threading Intercalation of Short Binuclear Ruthenium Complexes.
Andersson J, Lincoln P.
J Phys Chem B. 2011 Oct 19. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22010604
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Formation of Sequence-Independent Z-DNA Induced by a Ruthenium Complex at Low Salt Concentrations.
Wu Z, Tian T, Yu J, Weng X, Liu Y, Zhou X.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Oct 18. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104422. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
22009837
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Stimulation of kainate toxicity by zinc in cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the role of mitochondria in this process.
Lozier ER, Stelmashook EV, Uzbekov RE, Novikova SV, Zorov SD, Alieva IB, Arbeille B, Zorov DB, Isaev NK.
Toxicol Lett. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22008730
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
HOCl causes necrotic cell death in human monocyte derived macrophages through calcium dependent calpain activation.
Yang YT, Whiteman M, Gieseg SP.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22008466
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Small molecule positive allosteric modulation of TRPV1 activation by vanilloids and acidic pH.
Kaszas K, Keller JM, Coddou CA, Mishra SK, Hoon MA, Stojilkovic S, Jacobson KA, Iadarola MJ.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22005042
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
A New Class of Cyclometalated Ruthenium Sensitizers of the Type CN^N for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
Kim JJ, Choi H, Paek S, Kim C, Lim K, Ju MJ, Kang HS, Kang MS, Ko J.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
22004012
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Water Oxidation by Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes with TPA-Based Ligands.
Radaram B, Ivie JA, Singh WM, Grudzien RM, Reibenspies JH, Webster CE, Zhao X.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21999861
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Electrocatalytic reduction of CO(2) to CO by polypyridyl ruthenium complexes.
Chen Z, Chen C, Weinberg DR, Kang P, Concepcion JJ, Harrison DP, Brookhart MS, Meyer TJ.
Chem Commun (Camb). 2011 Oct 14. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21998823
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Role of thromboxane A2-activated nonselective cation channels in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction of rat.
Yoo HY, Park SJ, Seo EY, Park KS, Han JA, Kim KS, Shin DH, Earm YE, Zhang YH, Kim SJ.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21998141
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Effect of substituent of terpyridines on the DNA-interaction of polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes.
Patel MN, Gandhi DS, Parmar PA.
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2011 Sep 22. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21996589
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Concise Formal Synthesis of (+)-Neopeltolide.
Yang Z, Zhang B, Zhao G, Yang J, Xie X, She X.
Org Lett. 2011 Oct 13. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21995677
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
(2)H NMR calculations on polynuclear transition metal complexes: on the influence of local symmetry and other factors.
Del Rosal I, Gutmann T, Walaszek B, Gerber IC, Chaudret B, Limbach HH, Buntkowsky G, Poteau R.
Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21993614
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Polyhydroxyalkanoates production from cellulose hydrolysate in Escherichia coli LS5218 with superior resistance to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
Nduko JM, Suzuki W, Matsumoto K, Kobayashi H, Ooi T, Fukuoka A, Taguchi S.
J Biosci Bioeng. 2011 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21993429
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Photocurrent-Enhancement by Surface Plasmon Resonance of Silver Nanoparticles in Highly Porous Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.
Jeong NC, Prasittichai C, Hupp J.
Langmuir. 2011 Oct 12. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21992773
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Synthesis of a-Amino Acid Amides: Ruthenium-Catalyzed Amination of a-Hydroxy Amides.
Zhang M, Imm S, Bähn S, Neumann H, Beller M.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Oct 10. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104309. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available.
PMID:
21987500
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Ruthenium nitrosyl complexes with 1,4,7-trithiacyclononane and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 2-phenylazopyridine (pap) coligands. Electronic structure and reactivity aspects.
De P, Maji S, Dutta Chowdhury A, Mobin SM, Kumar Mondal T, Paretzki A, Lahiri GK.
Dalton Trans. 2011 Oct 11. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21986798
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Regulation of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ leak by Cytosolic Ca2+ in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes.
Bovo E, Mazurek SR, Blatter LA, Zima AV.
J Physiol. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21986204
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Polydentate Analogues of 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Their Complexes with Ruthenium.
El Ojaimi M, Thummel RP.
Inorg Chem. 2011 Oct 10. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID:
21985103
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
American Elements specializes in producing high purity Ruthenium Powder with the smallest possible average grain sizes for use in preparation of pressed and bonded sputtering targets and in Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes including Thermal and Electron Beam (E-Beam) Evaporation, Low Temperature Organic Evaporation, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), Metallic-Organic and Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD). Powders are also useful in any application where high surface areas are desired such as water treatment and in fuel cell and solar applications. Nanoparticles (See also Nanotechnology Information and Quantum Dots) also produce very high surface areas. Our standard Powder particle sizes average in the range of - 325 mesh, - 100 mesh, 10-50 microns and submicron (< 1 micron). We can also provide many materials in the nanoscale range. See safety data and research below and pricing/lead time above. We also produce Ruthenium as rod, ingot, pieces, pellets, disc, granules, wire, and in compound forms, such as oxide. Other shapes are available by request. 
Ruthenium is a Block D, Group 8, Period 5 element. The number of electrons in each of Ruthenium's shells is 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 and its electronic configuration is [Kr] 4d7 5s1. In its elemental form ruthenium's CAS number is 7440-18-8. The ruthenium atom has a radius of 132.5.pm and it's Van der Waals radius is 200.pm. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) is very toxic and Ruthenium in its elemental form is considered carcinogen. Ruthenium is member of the platinum group of metals. It is one of the most effective hardeners for platinum and palladium , and is alloyed with these metals to make electrical contacts for severe wear resistanant 
electronics and laboratory equipment. The corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a
hundredfold by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. It is also a versatile catalyst. Hydrogen sulfide can be split catalytically by light using an aqueous suspension of cadmium sulfide particles loaded with ruthenium dioxide. It is also believed to have pharmacological applications. Ruthenium is available as metal and compounds with purities from 99% to 99.999% (ACS grade to ultra-high purity); metals in the form of foil, sputtering target, and rod, and compounds as submicron and nanopowder. Ruthenium was first discovered by Karl Klaus in 1844. The name Ruthenium, originates from the Latin word 'Ruthenia' meaning Russia. See Ruthenium research below.
